The National Transportation Safety Board quickly launched an investigation to find out exactly why the two planes ended up on the same runway at the same time. The 1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision involved the collision of two Northwest Airlines jetliners at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport on December 3, 1990. This page was last changed on 11 June 2022, at 09:06. I went to the supervisor and I said, 'I think this (the SkyWest plane) is what USAir hit.'" The crew consisted of Captain William Lovelace (52), who had 23,000 flight hours with 4,000 hours in the DC-9, and First Officer James Schifferns (43), who had 4,685 flight hours with 185 hours in the DC-9. She had been working in the role since 1982, and began working at LAX in 1989. [4], The Douglas DC-9 operating Flight 1482, registered N3313L, was built in 1966 and had a total of 62,253 operating hours. [1]:9, Of the surviving passengers, the NTSB stated that 10 received serious injuries and 23 received minor or no injuries. Skywest 5569 was cleared by ATC Wascher in the LAX tower to taxi to Runway 24L, moving from gate 32 to the runway via taxiways Kilo, 48, Tango, and 45. The poor communication in the cockpit was only part of the problem, however. Please support this channel by following me on Patreonhttps://www.patreon.com/allecibayThe Wayne County Airport runway collision involved the collision of tw. [8] The clearance delivery controller in charge of taxiing aircraft was Francita Vandiver, who had previously served as an ATC in the US Navy. For international orders, send $4/issue. The flight progress strip for this flight had not yet been given to Wascher by controller Vandiver (another distraction), and Wascher mistakenly thought this Metroliner was SkyWest 5569, thus the runway was clear of aircraft. For more info see https://paidforadvertising.com. They had a combined total of 8,650 hours in the 727. There was certainly no reason for him to have done this; his record was fairly impressive even without any embellishment. A Boeing 727 on its takeoff roll crashed broadside into it, killing all 42 people on the DC-9 and 51 of the 93 on board the 727. 1990 Dec 3, fog, runway collision/fire, Northwest 1482 & 299, DTW AP, Romulus MI- 8 . First Officer Schifferns tried to climb up the slide to re-enter the plane, fell down, and was restrained by a firefighter. Social Navigation. Upon landing, the 737 collided with the twin-engined turboprop, continued down the runway with the turboprop crushed beneath it, exited the runway, and caught fire. The USAir plane touched down near the runway threshold. An off duty controller informally measured the visibility before the accident at 1/8 of a mile (200m), below the minimum allowable for takeoff. Uploaded by All these issues were rectified at LAX following this incident. We were cleared for takeoff, werent we? asked Flight Engineer Owen. However, only one of the overwing exits was usable, which caused a backlog to form. 4. Immediately prior to SkyWest 5569 reaching runway 24L, a Wings West aircraft had landed on 24R and was awaiting permission to cross 24L and taxi to the terminal. Lovelace was pleased to hear this, as he expected to need help navigating the airports complex network of taxiways. The DC-9 caught fire and was destroyed. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Transportation Safety Board. The NTSB also recommended that the FAA improve standards for taxiway signage, conduct a review of potentially hazardous intersections at airports around the country, and require the use of reflective paint for surface markings; and that controllers make greater use of progressive taxi instructions, among several other recommendations. Branches off the centerline show where to turn at intersections and help keep the plane oriented in the right direction. [1]:5 Shortly after 6 PM local time, as USAir 1493 was on final approach to LAX, the Metroliner was cleared by the local controller to taxi into its takeoff position on 24L at the intersection of taxiway 45, some 2,200 feet (670m) up from the runway threshold. The controller again cleared them to cross runway 9/27, and Lovelace let off the parking brake. But Kerber said he was not aware of any pilots refusing to take off because of the weather. Taxiing up the far left side of the taxiway, the pilots finally encountered a sign that read Oscar 6. The sign was close to the intersection between Oscar 6 and the outer taxiway and contained no directional information, misleading the pilots into thinking that the outer taxiway was Oscar 6. [1]:13 Aircraft that landed on the outer runway 24R would cross the inner runway 24L in order to reach the terminal. To try to replicate what the pilots of the DC-9 might have seen when they made their second wrong turn, investigators taxied a DC-9 into the Oscar 4 intersection and observed the taxiway markings. However, there have been some close calls, which should serve as a reminder that maintaining this level of safety will always require constant vigilance from pilots and controllers alike. In the cockpit, the pilots confirmed that there was no fire and elected not to evacuate. Captain Lovelace asked a series of questions about where they were going and which way to turn, which Schifferns did his best to answer. One member of the crew and seven passengers of the DC-9 were killed.Music: The Only Light Is GoneArtist: Dalo VianListen to the entire music here:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvwiGXWIx9oFollow me on:https://www.facebook.com/allec.ibay First Officer Schifferns spent much of the time before departure regaling Captain Lovelace with his qualifications and career history, some of which he had apparently made up on the spot. At that moment, the ground controller called the DC-9 and asked, Northwest 1482, ground, say your position?. Although the deaths were tragic, the outcome could easily have been much worse. [3], The captain of the DC-9 escaped from the aircraft through the left sliding window. [1]:87 It was declared a total loss and scrapped following this incident. Investigators also found that the official measurement of mile visibility was probably too generous. The 1990 Wayne County Runway Collision was a collision between two Northwest Airlines jets in foggy weather. The majority of the survivors exited via the right over-wing exit, with the rest of the surviving cabin occupants escaping through the rear service (R2) door. These deficiencies were not addressed prior to the accident, and two of the deficiencies were apparent in the accident sequenceher loss of situational awareness and aircraft misidentification.[1]. One fatality, a passenger who initially survived the crash but died 31 days later due to burn injuries, was officially recorded by the NTSB as a "serious" injury. Affirmative, theres an aircraft on the runway and we struck his, uh, wing, said Hagedorn. The 1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision involved the collision of two Northwest Airlines jetliners at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport on December 3, 1990. Those two jumbo jets, carrying a total of about 400 passengers and crew members, nearly collided on a runway at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport, renewing concerns about ground control and congestion at U.S. airports. Bam, I , Was this right after takeoff or something?. It had 37,310 hours of operation. In this case, a disproportionate burden fell on First Officer Schifferns, because he performed all the navigational tasks while Captain Lovelace did nothing more than steer the plane. It was also found that the First Officer claimed that he knew the airport, when he did not. web pages [8], First Officer David Kelly, who was flying the USAir 1493 during the accident leg, reported that he did not see SkyWest 5569 until he lowered the nose of his aircraft onto the runway after landing. (Refinancing While Black). A source in Washington said that investigators were puzzled why a Pittsburgh-bound DC-9 was on the same runway as a Memphis-bound 727 that had been cleared for takeoff. "I looked out the window and I could see a smaller plane, and the roof was off the plane.". Captain Ouellette barely had time to shout, Oh, shit!. [11] The Canucks were shaken by the experience and lost to the Kings by a score of 91, their worst loss of the 199091 season. Northwest Airlines incidents and accidents. "When they {the ground controllers} discovered where he was, they told him to exit the runway immediately, but it was too late," Dresden said. 1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision, Last edited on 27 December 2022, at 20:15, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Aircraft Accident Report, Northwest Airlines Inc. Flights 1482 and 299, Runway Incursion and Collision, Detroit Metropolitan/Wayne County Airport, Romulus, Michigan, December 3, 1990, "COLLISION IN DETROIT; At Least 8 Die in Collision On Detroit Airport Runway", "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-9-14 N3313L Detroit-Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, MI (DTW)", "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-251 N278US Detroit-Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, MI (DTW)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990_Wayne_County_Airport_runway_collision&oldid=1129928716, This page was last edited on 27 December 2022, at 20:15. Firefighters were on the scene almost immediately, but the fired blazed for an hour and turned the silver-and-red DC-9 into a blackened hull. Lovelace wasnt convinced. It occurred when Flight 1482, a scheduled Douglas DC-9-14 operating from Detroit to Pittsburgh International Airport, taxied onto an active runway by mistake in dense . And Schifferns should have recognized that he was overconfident and spent more time looking over the airport map with Lovelace rather than trying to maintain an illusion that he knew what he was doing. Someone on the DC-9 uttered an expletive. Before this accident, the FAA issued a ruling that required airlines to upgrade the flammability standards of materials on board, but the USAir plane had been built before the effective date of those requirements and had not yet been modernized. 0. Sparing Schifferns by a hairs breadth, the wingtip tore straight backward through the galley bulkhead and into the passenger cabin, slicing the plane open like a knife from one end to the other. Northwest Airlines introduced formal CRM training for all pilots, including emphasis on the admission of confusion, and revised its low visibility taxi procedures. Please inquire for rates for issues from 1979 & 1980. In all, eight of the 44 people on board were killed, and 10 suffered serious injuries. Upon hearing the warning, the tower supervisor stood up and shouted, Stop all aircraft, stop all aircraft! At that very moment, the 727 was barreling down the runway straight at the hapless DC-9. N278US was flown by Kitty Hawk Aircargo before being scrapped in 2011. Somehow, amid thick fog, two planes had ended up on the same runway at the same time. Northwest 1482, continue to Oscar four then turn right on X-ray, the ground controller said. He did this to impress the Captain. Apparently unsure of the location of Oscar 6, Schifferns and Lovelace waffled over which way to turn. on January 2, 2022, Air traffic control recording from the 1990 Wayne County Airport Runway Collision (Northwest Airlines Flight 1482 / Flight 299), There are no reviews yet. It was scheduled to be upgraded within the next year. The impact also ripped off the outermost four meters of the 727s right wing, breaching the fuel tank and spraying fuel down the side of the DC-9. [21], The story of the disaster was featured in a 9th-season episode of the Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic series Mayday. He didnt know that the pilots of the 727 were not ready for takeoff and had spent most of that minute finishing up their final checklist items. Mail orders only. Little did he know that Schifferns was perhaps embellishing slightly: in truth, he wasnt particularly familiar with the taxi procedures either. On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747 passenger jets, KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736, collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North Airport), on the Spanish island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, killing 583 people, making it the deadliest accident in aviation history. Facebook; Youtube; Instagram; Search for: Ocurri cuando el Vuelo 1482, un Douglas DC-9 programado que operaba desde Detroit al Aeropuerto Internacional de Pittsburgh, fue . USAir Flight 1493 was a scheduled service from Syracuse, New York, making stops at Washington, DC, Columbus, Ohio, and LAX, before continuing to San Francisco. Just as the nose was being lowered, the first officer noticed SkyWest 5569 on the runway and applied maximum braking, but it was too late. The 1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision involved the collision of two Northwest Airlines jetliners at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport on December 3, 1990. "Obviously, God was his co-pilot," McNamara told reporters. Best of the Triangle. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Transportation Safety Board. [1]:11, After the collision, the 727 flight crew immediately initiated a rejected takeoff and was able to stop the aircraft safely on the remaining runway. Captain William Lovelace and First Officer James Schifferns were the flight crew on the DC-9, and they were at fault for the accident. [1]:83. "I didn't panic, but I jumped from the wing.". By the time the Oscar 4 sign hove into view through the fog and the pilots began looking for Taxiway X-ray, the plane was already half way through the intersection, and the right turn onto X-ray was behind them! But in trying to figure out how the DC-9 ended up on an active runway, investigators discovered that its pilots possessed an unfortunate combination of personalities that led to a dangerously imbalanced cockpit dynamic. The Federal Aviation Administration prohibits use of the sedative before flying. Several others had been severely injured by flying debris. Twenty-one other people were injured, many with severe burns. The supervisor, who was at work at her desk and not actively monitoring traffic, immediately made the correct call and ordered all planes to stop. In fact, the crash appeared to be a near exact repeat of the 1983 Madrid runway disaster, which took the lives of 93 people. 1990 press photo Airplane Accident Flight 1482 Victims | eBay Photo date: 12-3-1990. The three surviving crew members received minor or no injuries. [1]:37. The controller also missed this clue and simply asked the crew to report crossing runway 9/27, which at that time was closed for snow removal. As flight 1482 approached the intersection of the two runways, it encountered a yellow hold line painted on the taxiway, where they were compelled to stop until the ground controller had given them permission to enter the runway. At 1:35, flight 1482 pushed back from the gate and prepared to taxi. None of the 146 passengers and 10 crew members aboard the 727, Northwest Flight 299, was reported injured. The entire story was a lie although he did fly T-38s, Schifferns had in fact never used an ejection seat. He unstrapped himself and managed to crawl out on one of the jet's wings, he said. Of the remaining passengers and crew aboard USAir 1493, two crew members and 10 passengers sustained serious injuries, 2 crew members and 15 passengers sustained minor injuries, and 37 passengers received no injuries. The collision, which came just two weeks before the airline industry's peak holiday travel season, occured near the site of the second-worst air crash in U.S. history. Wooster Weather (F) Weather More at Dark Sky The NTSB added that it did not receive medical records for three passengers who were admitted to a burn center; for purposes of the report, the NTSB labeled their injuries as serious. Having figured out the location of the DC-9, the controller gave it a new set of instructions to get back on track. By now, Lovelace had completely handed over command of the taxi process to his first officer. By 2009, all aircraft operating in the United States were compliant. "We were relying on what he was telling us," Dresden said. Distance from Detroit-Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, MI to Pittsburgh International Airport, PA as the crow flies is 321 km (201 miles). Yeah it looks like were on two one center here, said Lovelace. From the location of the bodies, only two victims on USAir 1493 were found in their seats, while authorities believe that 17 had unbuckled their seat belts and died from smoke inhalation while making their way to the exits. Investigation revealed . The accident occurred on Runway 3C at 1:45 p.m., about 15 minutes after both planes left gates at the airport's North Terminal. Around the same time, Northwest flight 299 arrived at the head of runway 3C. Lovelace seemed confused, repeatedly asking Schifferns to confirm where they were and what the controller wanted them to do. Additionally, a new control tower was built at LAX, in a more central location, significantly taller and with a better vantage point, allowing visibility of all runways and critical taxiways at the airport. Because of the intense fire, three of the 737's six exits could not be used. Two people have tragically died following a collision between the Black Cat roundabout at the A428, Bedfordshire Police has confirmed. Northwest Airlines flight 1482 was a regularly scheduled service between Detroit and Pittsburgh International Airport (PIT) in Pennsylvania. The 20 injured, including the cockpit crew of the DC-9, were taken to three Detroit area hospitals, officials said. Taxiway names Kilo, 48, Tango, and 45 were in use at the time of the accident; these taxiways were redesignated as Charlie, Sierra, Delta, and Delta10 after 1991. It was then struck by a departing Boeing 727. Meanwhile, a rescue vehicle asked on the tower frequency, Okay, wheres the aircraft that struck one on center?. Wayne County Airport Wayne County Airport IATA: BJJ ICAO: KBJJ FAA: BJJ Wooster, Ohio, United States View AFD Airport Info Flight Info Travel Guides AirportGuide.com may earn a commission for any sales placed through links on this free web site. Flight 299 safely rolled to a stop several hundred meters beyond the site of the collision, every one of its 154 passengers and crew miraculously unscathed. The SkyWest flight was told to taxi into takeoff position, while the USAir flight was landing on the same runway. The rear passenger (L2) door was briefly opened during the course of the accident, but was quickly closed due to the spreading fire on that side of the aircraft. John Izzo, 41, a Westinghouse engineer from Pittsburgh who was aboard the DC-9, said there was no shouting or panic at the time of collision. He was clearly impressed, but in fact, he had been taken for a fool. Oh shit, someone screamed, as First Officer Schifferns dove out of the way of the oncoming plane. Then, at 1:45 and 39 seconds, the DC-9 materialized out of the fog with no warning whatsoever. Izzo said he and others managed to pull injured passengers on the ground away from the plane, "which was sizzling like a kerosene can." The first officer of the USAir flight recalled hearing this conversation, but did not remember anyone being cleared to hold on the runway. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! The following was recorded on the CVR: The USAir plane slammed into the Metroliner, crushing it beneath its fuselage. Painted centerlines play a critical role in guiding pilots along the taxiways, especially in low visibility conditions. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. The collision lead to the death of 8 who were all on-board Flight 1482, which had taken most of the damage. [1]:12, The Boeing 727 operating Flight 299 was registered N278US and had been purchased by Northwest in 1975. See a sign here that says, uh, the arrows to Oscar five. At exactly the same time, both pilots of the DC-9 spotted the landing lights of the 727 headed straight for them. All 12 people aboard the smaller plane were killed, as well as an eventual total of 23 of the 89 occupants of the Boeing 737. A Delta airline pilot slammed the brakes as the jet sped down the runway after an American Airlines plane crossed its path. The 1996 accident in Quincy was the last fatal runway collision in the US involving an airliner, and worldwide, no such collision has ever happened at an airport with a functioning runway incursion alarm system. The drug was prescribed for irritable bowel syndrome by Shaw's physicians, who said they had warned him not to use the medication while flying. "Before I jumped I looked back; I saw two people who were not going to make it," he said. The NTSB found that the air traffic controller had forgotten to clear the Metroliner for takeoff before clearing the 737 to land on the same runway. [10] He had just finished retraining and was still getting used to the procedures that had changed during his absence; in light of this fact, he had spent extra time preparing before the flight to make sure everything went smoothly. Schifferns radioed the controller and said, Okay, I think we might have missed Oscar six. This this is the active runway here, isnt it? he asked. Additionally, CRM emphasizes the importance of an open cockpit where pilots are free to say I dont know without repercussions. It occurred when Flight 1482, a scheduled Douglas DC-9-14 operating from Detroit to Pittsburgh International Airport, taxied by mistake onto an active runway in dense fog and was hit by a departing Boeing 727 operating as Flight 299 to Memphis International Airport. [1], Of the surviving passengers, the NTSB stated that 10 received serious injuries and 23 received minor or no injuries. One member of the crew and seven passengers of the DC-9 were killed. On the 3rd of December 1990, a Northwest Airlines Boeing 727 taking off from Detroit, Michigan, sideswiped a Northwest DC-9 that had strayed onto the runway. Stainless Steel and Damascus Steel Difference, The Reporter Who Broke the Hill UFO Abduction Story, Burn Baby Burn! Now what runway is this? he asked. The Wayne County Airport runway collision involved the collision of two Northwest Airlines aircraft at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport on December 3, 1990. Billionaire businessman David H. Koch was among the survivors. Everyone seated in row 6 or forward was either killed or sustained major injuries, while everyone aft of row 17 escaped, some with minor injuries. Several seconds later, Lovelace attempted to contact the controller himself, but he apparently used the wrong frequency. on the Internet. The ground controller handed the flight over to the tower controller, who cleared them for takeoff at 1:44. As the passenger struggled with the handle, both were overcome by noxious smoke and died on the spot. It was certainly proper for Lovelace to accept Schifferns offer of help, but he should have taken an active role in monitoring their progress rather than deferring completely to his first officer. On 3rd December 1990, Both, North West Airlines Flight 1482, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14 with 44 people onboard and North West Airlines Flight 299, a Boeing . He said one emergency escape chute on the left side of the DC-9 was opened. They mistakenly turned left, heading east onto the outer taxiway instead of southeast along Oscar 6. The 1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision involved the collision of two Northwest Airlines jetliners at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport on December 3, 1990. And then when I was flying T-38s one time, I had a fire, an engine fire. [19] The NTSB cited LAX's procedures which placed much of the responsibility for runways on the local controllers, which directly led to the loss of situational awareness by the local controller. The DC-9 was delivered new to Delta before being sold to predecessor Northwest Southern Airways in 1973. The third of December 1990 dawned cold and wet at Wayne County Airport, the main international gateway to the city of Detroit. Its so foggy out here were completely stuck out here., Okay, uh, are you on a taxiway or a runway?, Were on a runway, were right by [Oscar] zero four., Yeah, Northwest 1482, roger, are you clear of runway three center?. Lovelace pulled off to the far left edge of the runway and brought the plane to a halt. Two of the USAir fatalities were passengers who initially survived the crash, but died from burn injuries three and 31 days after the crash. Uh, believe were at the intersection of X-ray and 9/27, Schifferns replied with confidence. "Somebody told me today was not a good day for flying and I should have taken their advice," he said. McDonnell-Douglas improved the design of the DC-9 tailcone release mechanism to prevent the handle from breaking. As a result of the accident, all involved parties made substantial safety improvements. It was 24 years old at the time of the accident. However, the ground controller did miss some opportunities to notice that something was wrong. At least 19 people aboard the DC-9 were killed. Contributing to the cause of the accident were (1) deficiencies in the air traffic control services provided by the Detroit tower, including failure of the ground controller to take timely action to alert the local controller to the possible runway incursion, inadequate visibility observations, failure to use progressive taxi instructions in low-visibility conditions, and issuance of inappropriate and confusing taxi instructions compounded by inadequate backup supervision for the level of experience of the staff on duty; (2) deficiencies in the surface markings, signage, and lighting at the airport and the failure of Federal Aviation Administration surveillance to detect or correct any of these deficiencies; and (3) failure of Northwest Airlines, Inc., to provide adequate cockpit resource management training to their line aircrews. Visibility was a quarter of a mile, or about one-sixth of. One flight attendant and a passenger attempted to leave through the DC-9s unique tailcone exit, but when they tried to release the tailcone, the handle broke. 1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision: At Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Northwest Airlines Flight 1482 (a McDonnell Douglas DC-9) collides with Northwest Airlines Flight 299 (a Boeing 727) on the runway, killing 8 passengers and 4 crew members. Joining him in the cockpit was 43-year-old First Officer Jim Schifferns, a former Air Force pilot who had spent years as a captain on the B-52 Stratofortress and the T-38 Talon. The DC-9 was delivered new to Delta before being sold to predecessor Northwest Southern Airways in 1973. In command of the flight were Captain Bob Ouellette, First Officer Bill Hagedorn, and Flight Engineer Darren Owen; put together, they had more than 10,000 hours on the 727, and they made an efficient team. Multiple US airports accelerated their efforts to install ground radar systems. This is should be nine and two-seven, said Schiffern. In the Madrid accident, a DC-9 became lost in fog and taxied the wrong way onto the active runway. As the controller informed flight 299 that fire trucks were on their way, flight attendants urged the shocked and bewildered passengers to remain in their seats. The larger of the two aircraft was a McDonnell-Douglas MD-87. Since few airports have a ground radar system, they rely on pilots to know the airport layout and to follow the numbered signs designating runways and taxiways. I assume hes on the last third of runway three center there toward the departure end, the controller replied. Special correspondents Susan Fleming, Donna Pach and Louisa Calderon Hayes contributed to this report from Detroit. If he had stopped for a moment to compare their heading with his map of the airport, he would have realized that it was impossible to taxi east on Oscar 6, which was oriented northwest/southeast. Contributing to the number and severity of injuries was the failure of the crew of the DC-9 to properly execute the passenger evacuation. "The planes were headed for a head-on collision," said Bob Gibbons, another Northwest spokesman. 1. It entered the active runway instead of the taxiway instructed by air traffic controllers. Yeah I bet that was how was that scary when you punched out?, I got shot down once over Southeast Asia, and uh. The ground controller radioed back, Northwest 1482, uh, you just approach Oscar five and you are on the outer [taxiway].. Five seconds later (at 13:45 EST), the crew saw the Boeing 727, Northwest Flight 299 to Memphis, heading toward them on its takeoff roll. The plane was delivered new to Delta, which sold it to Southern Airways in 1973, and it became part of Northwest's fleet after the 1986 acquisition of Southern's successor, Republic Airlines. RUNWAY INCURSION AND COLLISION DETROIT METROPOLITANNVAYNE COUNTY AIRPORT ROMULUS, MICHIGAN DECEMBER 3,1990 ADOPTED: June 25,1991 NOTATION 5416B Abstract: This report explains the runway collision of two Northwest Airlines aircraft on a runway at the Detroit MetropolitanNVayne County Airport, Romulus, Michigan, on December 3, 1990.
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