The European and Anatolian revolts that arose early in the reign of Murad II were at least partly stimulated and supported by members of the kapkulu, as well as the Christian slaves and vassals who had been losing their power to the Turkish notables. These resources provide students with an opportunity to synthesize what they learned in the unit before completing the End of Unit Assessment. ment and Expansion | Document | Based on this document, how and/or why did the Ottoman Empire develop and expand from 1450 to 1750? 9.6 SQ 6 What do the Turkish Letters (1589) reveal about how outsiders viewed the Ottomans? Instead, the Venetians used Cyprus as a base for pirate raids against Ottoman shipping and shores, thus pointing up the islands strategic importance to the sultan. How did the Ottoman Empire maintain power through religion? There the Safavids focused on spreading Shiism as a means of gaining the loyalty of the Persians to a dynasty dominated by Turkmen warriors. Suleiman I died of natural causes in his tent during the Siege of Szigetvr in 1566. It was that type of mukaa that developed into the Ottoman form of fief, the timar, which was the basis of Ottoman military and administrative organization as the European portions of the empire were conquered from the vassals in the 15th century and placed under direct Ottoman administration. The value of the coinage was restored, and Mehmed IIs plans for economic expansion were at last brought to fruition. The Ottomans maintained power over their empire through religious beliefs, a system to accommodate non-Muslim citizens, firm responses to rebellious What was the social structure of the Ottoman Empire? [31] But the inadequacy of Ibrahim I (16401648) and the minority accession of Mehmed IV in 1646 created a significant crisis of rule, which the dominant women of the Imperial Harem filled. By this time, the Ottoman Empire was a significant and accepted part of the European political sphere. But the conditions that had caused the uprising remained a major problem for Bayezids successor. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. Ottoman Empire Pre-1600: SQ 4 What was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople? These reforms included[53] guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour and property; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes (1840) and opening of the first post offices (1840); the reorganisation of the finance system according to the French model (1840); the reorganisation of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model (1840); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye (1841) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament (1876); the reorganisation of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army and fixing the duration of military service (184344); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag (1844); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 (only male citizens were counted); the first national identity cards (officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kad (head paper) documents, 1844); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction (1845) and the Ministry of Education (Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857); the abolition of slavery and slave trade (1847); the establishment of the first modern universities (darlfnun, 1848), academies (1848) and teacher schools (darlmuallimin, 1848); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare (Tbbiye Nezareti, 1850); the Commerce and Trade Code (1850); establishment of the Academy of Sciences (Encmen-i Dani, 1851); establishment of the irket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries (1851); the first European style courts (Meclis-i Ahkam- Adliye, 1853) and supreme judiciary council (Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul (ehremaneti, 1854) and the City Planning Council (ntizam- ehir Komisyonu, 1855); the abolition of the capitation (Jizya) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes (1856); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers (1856); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce; the establishment of the first telegraph networks (18471855) and railways (1856); the replacement of guilds with factories; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank (originally established as the Bank- Osman in 1856, and later reorganised as the Bank- Osman-i ahane in 1863)[54] and the Ottoman Stock Exchange (Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsas, established in 1866);[55] the Land Code (Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Krad Nizamnamesi (1857); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences (Mekteb-i Mlkiye, 1859); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code (Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864); among others. SQ 12. Who was Zheng He? What impact did Neo-Confucianism have on Ming and Qing China? The empire came to an end in the aftermath of its defeat in World War I, when its remaining territory was partitioned by the Allies. The Battle of Lepanto in 1571 (which was triggered by the Ottoman capture of Venetian-controlled Cyprus in 1570) was another major setback for Ottoman naval supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea, despite the fact that an equally large Ottoman fleet was built in a short time and Tunisia was recovered from Spain in 1574. These cross-cultural interactions also led to conflict and demographic impacts. During this period, the empire faced challenges in defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation. Corruption and nepotism. Where was the Ottoman Empire? To replace the nomads, Orhan organized a separate standing army of hired mercenaries paid by salary rather than booty or by timar estates. Ottoman Empire Pre-1600: SQ 5. The Congress succeeded in keeping Istanbul in Ottoman hands. His rule represented one of the most orderly periods of Ottoman history. What impact did his travels have on China and other regions? In 1804 the Serbian Revolution against Ottoman rule erupted in the Balkans, running in parallel with the Napoleonic invasion. From 1699 onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to lose territory over the course of the next two centuries due to internal stagnation, costly defensive wars, European colonialism, and nationalist revolts among its multiethnic subjects. Once you receive that notification, you can access all of the assessmentsthrough the New Visions Social Studies Curriculum website, but you must be logged into the Google account you provided in the form to view the assessments. Unfortunately, early trauma may be a risk factor for later trauma. 9.6 SQ 3 What was the ethnic and religious composition of the Ottoman Empire? The famous Flemish-French painter Jean-Baptiste van Mour visited the Ottoman Empire during the Tulip Era and crafted some of the most renowned works of art depicting scenes from daily life in the Ottoman society and the imperial court. The Battle of Lepanto was far more damaging to the Ottoman navy in sapping experienced manpower than the loss of ships, which were rapidly replaced.[27]. [14][15] In the other version of the story, the city's commander, Nikola Jurii, was offered terms for a nominal surrender. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will identify and explain the importance of at least two key resources and/or products and/or luxury items vital to exchanges along the Indian Ocean complex, Mediterranean Sea complex, Silk Roads, and Trans-Saharan routes. It effectively disavowed Russia's victory. Why was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople a turning point? Mehmed Orhan, son of Prince Mehmed Abdul Kadir of the Ottoman Empire, died in 1994, leaving the grandson of Ottoman Sultan Abdlhamid II, Erturul Osman, as the eldest surviving member of the deposed dynasty. Thus he enlarged the concept of kapkulu to include members of the Turkish nobility and their Turkmen sipahis as well as the products of the devirme. KEY IDEA:RISE OF TRANSREGIONAL TRADE NETWORKS: During the classical and postclassical eras, transregional trade networks emerged and/or expanded. In 1856, the Hatt- Hmayun promised equality for all Ottoman citizens regardless of their ethnicity and religious confession; which thus widened the scope of the 1839 Hatt- erif of Glhane. [49] Russia was made the guarantor of their right to Christian worship. [citation needed]. Why was the Ottoman Empire called the sick man of Europe. The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves, "History of the Istanbul Technical University", http://faith-matters.org/images/stories/fm-publications/the-tanzimat-final-web.pdf, "Ottoman Bank Museum: History of the Ottoman Bank", "Istanbul Stock Exchange: History of the Istanbul Stock Exchange", "Treaty of San Stefano | Russia-Turkey [1878]", "Map of Europe and the Ottoman Empire in the year 1900", A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility, "Greek and Turkish refugees and deportees 19121924", A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&oldid=1134039295, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016, Articles needing additional references from January 2023, All articles needing additional references, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011, Articles needing additional references from September 2016, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Renegade thesis represented in studies, articles and books by various authors. The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and demonstrated his martial prowess by capturing Constantinople on 29 May 1453, at the age of 21. Bayezid II completed the effort begun by Mehmed II to replace the vassals with direct Ottoman administration throughout the empire. The Caliphate was constitutionally abolished several months later, on 3 March 1924. Allen Lane; 368 pages; $47.95 and 30. Following the Russo-Turkish War of 18771878, the empire granted independence to all three belligerent nations. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will map the extent of the Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty at the height of their power. Our units are developed through a backwards design process in which we start with the summative assessments and then create resources and formative assessments based on the content and skills students will need to be successful (SeeUnderstanding by Designby Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe). Bayezid never was able to use that situation to make new conquests in Europe, because the rise of revolts in eastern Anatolia occupied much of his attention during the last years of his reign. Well, when the Ottomans formed, there were Beyliks in Anatolia which were indepentent states. Ottomans, sometimes diplomaticly and sometimes with DID individuals report very high rates of adult rape, intimate partner violence, and other forms of exploitation, such as being a victim of trafficking. You will need to provide your official school email address AND a Google email address. The British supported Khedive Tewfiq and restored stability with was especially beneficial to British and French financial interests. [13], In 1532, he made another attack on Vienna, but was repulsed in the Siege of Gns, 97 kilometres (60mi) south of the city at the fortress of Gns. The Second Constitutional Era began after the Young Turk Revolution (3 July 1908) with the sultan's announcement of the restoration of the 1876 constitution and the reconvening of the Ottoman Parliament. Ottoman Empire Pre-1600: SQ 6. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans at the Middle Eastern front, where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war. How did the Ming Dynasty gain, consolidate, and maintain power? Bilefsky, Dan. From then on, all important ministers, military officers, judges, governors, timar holders, tax farmers, Janissaries, sipahis, and the like were made members of that class and attached to the will and service of the sultan. Closer: Contextualize and Connect Cause and Effect, Learn about New Visions Curricula The remaining CUP members, who now took a more dominantly nationalist tone in the face of the enmity of the Balkan Wars, dueled Freedom and Accord in a series of power reversals, which ultimately led to the CUP (specifically its leadership, the "Three Pashas") seizing power from the Freedom and Accord in the 1913 Ottoman coup d'tat and establishing total dominance over Ottoman politics until the end of World War I. Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, but pulled its troops out of the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, another contested region between the Austrians and Ottomans, to avoid a war. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will examine the technologies that facilitated and improved interregional travel along the Indian Ocean and Trans-Saharan networks of exchange. Predict At the height of its power, the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman (1520-1566) controlled a large territory inEurope, Africa, and Asia. [48] This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the First Russo-Turkish War of 17681774. In Europe he rounded off the empire south of the Danube and Sava rivers by taking Herzegovina (1483), leaving only Belgrade outside Ottoman control. However following the Treaty of Belgrade, the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of the Prussians under King Frederick the Great. Within the next few decades, much of the North African coast (except Morocco) became part of the Ottoman realm. [citation needed] By 1300, a weakened Byzantine Empire had lost most of its Anatolian provinces to these Turkish principalities. What impact did Neo-Confucianism have on Ming and Qing China? [82] From 1894 to 1896, between 100,000 and 300,000 Armenians living throughout the empire were killed in what became known as the Hamidian massacres. Armed with bows and arrows and spears, those nomadic cavalrymen had lived mostly on booty, although those assigned as ghazis to border areas or sent to conquer and raid Christian lands also had been given more permanent revenues in the form of taxes levied on the lands they garrisoned. After this Ottoman expansion, a competition started between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the dominant power in the region. WebSynonyms for DID: sufficed, went, served, suited, worked, fit, befitted, fitted; Antonyms of DID: failed, slighted, slurred, skimped, revealed, marred, spoiled, scarred The Blue Mosque Sultan Ahmed Mosque (1616), Sleymaniye Mosque (Ottoman imperial mosque-1556), In many ways, the circumstances surrounding the Ottoman Empire's fall were a result of tensions between the Empire's different ethnic groups and the various governments' inability to deal with these tensions. New Visions Global History Course Overview 2018-19, New Visions Global I Review Sheets and Concept Maps for the Full Course, 9.6 End of Unit Assessment- NEW Global II Exam Aligned. This era is dominated by the politics of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), and the movement that would become known as the Young Turks. Economically, the Price Revolution caused rampant inflation in both Europe and the Middle East. When forced to reconvene it, he abolished the representative body instead. The Treaty of Kk Kaynarca of 1774 ended the First Russo-Turkish War and allowed that the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled Rumanian provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia would be allowed freedom to worship. Ming Dynasty Pre-1600: SQ 11. Uprisings in Ottoman territory had many far-reaching consequences during the 19th century and determined much of Ottoman policy during the early 20th century. L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (London: Hurst and Co., 2000), pp. To this aim he spent many years securing positions on the Adriatic Sea, such as in Albania Veneta, and then continued with the Ottoman invasion of Otranto and Apulia on 28 July 1480. Translated from the German by Mrs Alexander Kerr (London: John Murray, 1847). same as others: have a good base such as government, education and stuff and create a strong army with the best technology at the time, great to ch What impact did his travels have on China and other regions? Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a rare condition in which two or more distinct identities, or personality states, are present inand alternately take control ofan individual. How interconnected was it to other regions? Together with Austria, Russia, under Empress Anne, Catherine I's niece, engaged in a war against the Ottoman Empire from 1735 until 1739. What years did the Ottomans rule? If you do not have access to the assessments, please fill out the form linked here. The final assault being fatally delayed, the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg, German and Polish forces spearheaded by the Polish king Jan[35] at the What was the World War 1 mandate system? Where was the Ottoman Empire? [25] The Ottoman naval recovery persuaded Venice to sign a peace treaty in 1573, and the Ottomans were able to expand and consolidate their position in North Africa. Cambridge University Press, 2006. The Turks stayed in Otranto and its surrounding areas for nearly a year, but after Mehmed II's death on 3 May 1481, plans for penetrating deeper into the Italian peninsula with fresh new reinforcements were given up on and cancelled and the remaining Ottoman troops sailed back to the east of the Adriatic Sea. Douglas Arthur Howard: "The History of Turkey", page 71. The Turkmen nomads resisted the efforts of the Ottomans to expand their administrative control to all parts of the empire. By the end of Suleiman's reign, the Empire's population totaled about 15,000,000 people.[18]. Bayezid managed to conciliate the latter, however, by exposing to them his essentially pacific plans, which downgraded the devirme, leaving Cem without major support. During the Tanzimat period (from Arabic: tanm, meaning "organisation") (183976), the government's series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern conscripted army, banking system reforms, the decriminalisation of homosexuality, the replacement of religious law with secular law[52] and guilds with modern factories. Answer: The Seljuk Empire was a medieval Turkic empire that controlled a large territory in Western Asia and Eastern Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries. CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING:Control of transregional trade and economic growth contributed to the emergence and expansion of political states. How did the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suleiman the Magnificent, gain, consolidate, and maintain power? [24], In southern Europe, a coalition of Catholic powers, led by Philip II of Spain, formed an alliance to challenge Ottoman naval strength in the Mediterranean. SQ 4 What was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople? CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will analyze how the ethnic and religious compositions of the Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty were reflected in their political and societal organizations. WebDID has been found in children, adolescents, and adults. The results were first hailed as a great achievement in peacemaking and stabilisation. Volume 2: Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet eds., "The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 14531603." Mehmet II, Murad's son, brought the Ottoman Empire to its peak when his troops conquered Constantinople. In some cases, these will be the same email account. The Empire always planned around a system of jurisprudence (the science of philosophy and law). The suzerain states the Principality of Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia and Montenegro moved towards de jure independence during the 1860s and 1870s. How did the Ming Dynasty gain, consolidate, and maintain power? The overriding military need for defence on the western and eastern frontiers of the Empire eventually made effective long-term engagement on a global scale impossible. [81] These were formed mostly of irregular cavalry units of recruited Kurds. With the demise of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum during 12th to 13th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent states, the so-called Anatolian Beyliks. Mustafa Kemal Pasha's speech on his arrival in Ankara in November 1919. 9.6 SQ 13 How did the Ming Dynasty interact with European traders and Christian missionaries? WebOttoman and Ming Pre-1600 How did the Ottoman Empire and Ming Dynasty gain, consolidate and maintain their power? The empire reached its maximum territorial extent in 1683, on the eve of the Battle of Vienna. During the late 14th century that forceparticularly its infantry branch, the Janissary corpsbecame the most important element of the Ottoman army. The state fell into a civil war that lasted from 1402 to 1413, as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. at its height this empire stretched from Hungary to Arabia and Mesopotamia and North Africa. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the city of Bursa in 1326 and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. He therefore had to rely only on the Christian vassal forces at the Battle of Ankara (1402), and, although they demonstrated considerable valour and fighting ability, they were overwhelmed by Timurs powerful army. Cambridge University Press, 2012. After Timur's death, his empire gradually crumbled. In the meantime, however, the threat that Cem might lead a foreign attack compelled Bayezid to concentrate on internal consolidation. Harem. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish and Wallachian armies under Wadysaw III of Poland (also King of Hungary) and Jnos Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna, which was the final battle of the Crusade of Varna. Unit 3: Empires Expand & Maintain Power - Ottoman Case Study Todays Inquiry Questions How and why did the Ottoman Empire develop and expand from 1450 to 1750? Venice had been encouraging revolts against the sultan in the Morea (Peloponnese) and in Dalmatia and Albania, which it had ceded to the Ottomans in 1479. Many Ottoman Turks questioned whether the policies of the state were to blame: some felt that the sources of ethnic conflict were external, and unrelated to issues of governance. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum. [16] However, Suleiman withdrew at the arrival of the August rains and did not continue towards Vienna as previously planned, but turned homeward instead. Definition. Roman Emperor.) Ming Dynasty Pre-1600: SQ 10. What was the ethnic and religious composition of the Ottoman Empire? The Ottoman sultans spent nearly four centuries living in Istanbul's Topkapi Palace, which was constructed in the 15th century. [77][78] Muslims had been the majority in some parts of the Ottoman Empire such as the Crimea, the Balkans and the Caucasus as well as a plurality in southern Russia and also in some parts of Romania. It also reflected the difficulties imposed on the Empire by the need to support two separate fronts: one against the Austrians (see: Ottoman wars in Europe), and the other against a rival Islamic state, the Safavids of Persia (see: Ottoman wars in Near East). What was the ethnic and religious composition of the Ottoman Empire? The Tanzimat reforms did not halt the rise of nationalism in the Danubian Principalities and the Principality of Serbia, which had been semi-independent for almost six decades. Throughout the rest of the 1500s and into the 1600s and 1700s, the Ottoman Empire began a considerable decline in power after several military defeats. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut, but there were setbacks as well, such as the disastrous Caucasus Campaign against the Russians. Money, money, money (always sunny, in a rich mans world) I was at a wedding this summer when I asked a friend of mine, who is a history professor SQ 10. That new regular army developed the techniques of battle and siege that were used to achieve most of the 14th-century Ottoman conquests, but, because it was commanded by members of the Turkish notable class, it became the major vehicle for their rise to predominance over the sultans, whose direct military supporters were limited to the vassal contingents. The Ottoman Empire conquered the central part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and set up several Ottoman provinces there (see Budin Eyalet, Eri Eyalet, Uyvar Eyalet). CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING:Three belief systems influenced numerous, powerful states and empires across the Eastern Hemisphere. These people were called Muhacir under a general definition. Cultural works, fine arts and architecture flourished, with more elaborate styles that were influenced by the Baroque and Rococo movements in Europe. Throughout its more than 600 years of existence, the Ottoman Empire has left a profound legacy in the Middle East and Southeast Europe, as can be seen in the customs, culture, and cuisine of the various countries that were once part of its realm. Term. Other tentative reforms were also enacted: taxes were lowered, there were attempts to improve the image of the Ottoman state, and the first instances of private investment and entrepreneurship occurred. Islam under the Ottoman Empire and Neo-Confucianism under the Ming Dynasty influenced the political, economic, military, and diplomatic interactions with others outside of their realm. This course map provides the scope and sequence and structure of units in the New Visions Global I History Curriculum. holder of power, the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans. To conclude, the most significant reason for the decline of the Ottoman Empire was the decline of the armed forces as during the rising era, the military army of the Ottoman very popular with their power and strategies to defeat their rivalling. Austria gained a great deal of territory, which angered the South Slavs, and led to decades of tensions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. "The Armenian Question", p. 217. The disorder is accompanied by memory gaps beyond what would be explained The railway did not play a role in the origins of World War I. While Suleiman was known The empire was slow to adopt new technologies and ideas, and this made it difficult for it to keep up with the rapid changes of the modern world. Overall, the Tanzimat reforms had far-reaching effects. We encourage teachers to start their planning by looking first at the end of unit assessments and then at specific resources. After taking Constantinople, Mehmed met with the Orthodox patriarch, Gennadios and worked out an arrangement in which the Eastern Orthodox Church, in exchange for being able to maintain its autonomy and land, accepted Ottoman authority. In any case, the need to modernise was evident to the empire's leaders by the early 19th century, and numerous administrative reforms were implemented in an attempt to forestall the decline of the empire, with varying degrees of success. A burgeoning national consciousness, together with a growing sense of ethnic nationalism, made nationalistic thought one of the most significant Western ideas imported to the Ottoman Empire. If you click on the "Open in Google Docs" button below and can view the document, then you already have access. Class A peoples, residing in former Ottoman territories in the Middle East, were considered capable of self-governance and advanced enough to maintain a degree of independence, though they were still subject to mandatory guidance from members of The League until they were deemed fully prepared for The expansion of Muscovite Russia under Ivan IV (15331584) into the Volga and Caspian region at the expense of the Tatar khanates disrupted the northern pilgrimage and trade routes. Through these resources, students willmap the extent of the Ming Dynasty, examine the methods used by the Ming to gain, consolidate, and maintain power, and examine the travels of Zheng He andMing interactions with European traders and Christian missionaries. The first Ottoman army had been composed entirely of Turkmen nomads, who had remained largely under the command of the religious orders that had converted most of them to Islam.
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