Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. uczak estimated total losses at 6.0-5.9 million Polish citizens, not less than the report of the Polish Bureau of War Damages. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) Warszawa 2009 .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN978-83-7629-067-6 Page 15 (There was no explanation given for the difference of 9,300 between this schedule and the total losses of 5,085,000 persons in the description of the Ministry of Finance Report, see above). Estimated casualties of resistance movements have been included in military figures, other victims of Nazi persecution in the civilian ones. Figure included by IPN in total ethnic Polish war dead of 2,770,000[83], C. The IPN put the war dead in 1944/45 at 183,000. An estimated 40,000,000 to 50,000,000 people died during World War II. Supporte. It may be time to tell Zelensky not only what we will and will not provide but what we believe are the acceptable terms. Losses in the USSR included mass executions and the deaths of those persons deported and resettled in the USSR. Subtracting 3 million Polish Jewish victims, the report claimed 3 million non-Jewish victims of the Nazi terror, including civilian and military casualties of war. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. 1950 2000 2050 2100 Current Historical U.N. Polish researchers of the Institute of National Remembrance have estimate about roughly 800,000 ethnic Polish victims during the German occupation including 400,000 in prisons, 148,000 killed in executions and 240,000 deaths among those deported to concentration camps,[25] including 70-75,000[26] at Auschwitz. 103-36 pp. 621, Grzegorz Motyka, Od rzezi woyskiej do akcji "Wisa". Psychiatric patients were executed in Action T4. All victorious armies, Clausewitz says, would prefer that the enemy offers no resistance; when it does, previous intentions evaporate. As a consequence of the British and French betrayel of Poland, a five year German occupation of Poland subjected Poland to enormous destruction of its industry (62% of which was destroyed), its infrastructure (84%) and loss of civilian life (16.7% of its citizens during the war). The terms of the Triple Alliance binding Germany to Japan and Italy were defensive; Hitler was not obligated to join Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor. "[66], Source: Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. 1. This stance bears close comparison with President Bidens policy of inviting Ukraine to join NATO at some future date, but with no commitment of U.S. military power in the here and now. Of the total deaths, 3-4 million were military personnel and the rest were civilians. The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 put Poland's war dead at 6,028,000; 3.0 million ethnic Poles and 3.0 million Jews not including losses of Polish citizens from the Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups. A war in the Pacific, for instance, would immediately bring into sharp focus the need to hit Chinese bases before China hit American bases and carriers. Figure of 2,770,000 Poles does not include 100,000 victims of massacres in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. The Polish strategy was to try to preserve the bulk of its army for this future planned offensive, while defending the country. Corrections? [11] Polish researchers estimate that 1,860,000 Polish Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps, the remainder perished inside the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland, aboard Holocaust trains, and in mass shooting actions. Stanislav Petrov, the man who stopped a USSR - US nuclear war by doing nothing. MLA Citation: Similar Countries Ranked by Death Rate. Hitler chose to attack Poland first and not the west because he realized that if he attacked France, Poland would be honor bound by its treaties with France and Britain and would attack Germany. The Battle of France ( French: bataille de France) (10 May - 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign ( Westfeldzug ), the French Campaign ( German: Frankreichfeldzug, campagne de France) and the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France during the Second World War. $35.40 + $13.18 shipping . Omissions? Instead, they will find in the early 21st century the unwholesome effluvia of all the old sins, especially the bitter ethnic hatreds that, from time immemorial, have thrown human beings into the pit. Pacethe neocons, I think that there are tremendous fallacies in seeing Putin as a Hitler, mainly because he sees himself as an anti-Hitler, but one has to say that Russian decision-making in the last two months does look a bit like Der Fhrers. Jewish Losses- 2.4 million victims of Nazis and 100,000 of Soviet Terror. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami" (Poland 1939-1945. Konflikt polsko-ukraiski 1943- 1947. One month later, he made some peace offers to the governments of Britain and France, who took long to reply. The deaths that directly resulted from the war are about 50-56 million people while about 19-28 million people died from war-related famine and diseases. Justus Doenecke has written more books on the history of antiwar foreign policy than anyone, and hes still going. Known as the Luftwaffe. Prior to the war the area which became the General Government was not self sufficient in agricultural production and was a net importer of food from other regions of Poland. An estimated 5,800,000 Poles died, which was 20 percent of Poland's prewar population. Listed beneath each campaign are the ships and units in alphabetic order followed by the personnel casualties by last number. During World War 2 a total of 464 Medal of Honors were awarded with 266 of those posthumously. With surveys, excavations, and other archaeological methods, a team led by Dawid Kobiaka (center) located a mass grave in the woods of Poland's "Death Valley.". Warsaw 1947. [2][3] In 2009 the Polish government-affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) published the study "Polska 19391945. Mainly for this reason, estimates of total dead in World War II vary anywhere from 35,000,000 to 60,000,000a statistical difference of no small import. What happen during second word war with Poland vs Germany, similar conflict seen in Russia Vs Ukraine. As it was, it got closed in the traditional way. [17] The IPN puts the death toll of ethnic Poles under the German occupation at 2,770,000[4] and 150,000 due to Soviet repression[4]. (200,000 were conscripted into the German Armed Forces, 937,000 were ethnic Germans, 272,000 were Poles involved in the Polish resistance and 815,000 were not involved in the resistance movement. [79], Source of figures: Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziau Polakw w walce o niepodlego na obszarze pastwa polskiego w latach 1939-1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia onierzy Armii Krajowej", (Krakw) 1996 Pages 1013, A. World War 2 Casualties (Pie Chart) Of these various historical parallels, the two which should most hold our attention are the American postures in 1916-1917 and 1940-1941. German losses, of which the greater proportion occurred on the Eastern Front, were only slightly less severe. Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziau Polakw w walce o niepodlego na obszarze pastwa polskiego w latach 1939-1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia onierzy Armii Krajowej", (Krakw) 1996 Page 11, Materski and Szarota. The official U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Records branch (Bureau of Naval Personnel) still maintains the Navy and Marine Corps 1947 IBM printout arranged chronologically by campaign annotating the official World War 2 casualty accounting. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). )[82], The Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) in 2009 estimated total war dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000 persons. However, as history showed, the same could not be said of the French and the British who could have easily stormed through Germany's poorly defended western borders while the bulk of the German army was busy fighting in Poland. During the German occupation Polish citizens from ethnic minorities were deported to Germany for forced labor. France plunged into a dark age, occupied by the Nazis with the terrible implications bombing raids, executions, deportation, murders and famine. English historian A.J.P. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI- 1994 p. 47. Among the Allied powers, the U.S.S.R. suffered the greatest total number of dead: perhaps 18,000,000. His website is davidhendrickson.org. One of the great pleasures of historical study is that it allows students to cast away the sorry stupid world in which they live, and instead enter the domain of lost civilizations that contain episodes of outstanding human endeavor and accomplishment. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.[76]. Wars entire domain, as it were, is enveloped in falsehood. Only for the United States and the British Commonwealth can official figures showing killed, wounded, prisoners or missing for the armed forces be cited with any degree of assurance. The war to end all wars, the great war, the Kaiser's war, the European war, first world war. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Assessments and Estimatesan Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, no. He still wanted to stay out of the European war. They did this for 8 months until Germany invaded France on May 8, 1940. The Government of Russia, following a study conducted by the Russian Academy of Science in 1993, puts the deaths at 26.6 million, including about 8.66 million military deaths. They found in that extinct world possessions of far greater interest to them than they found in their own. China primary fought Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, The Countries That Remained Neutral In WWII. If France and Britain had not betrayed Poland in 1939, WW2 might have been prevented. For most other nations, only estimates of varying reliability exist. The nations of western Europe, however great their suffering from occupation, escaped with manpower losses that were hardly comparable with those of World War I. These civilian deaths are even more difficult to determine, yet they must be counted in any comparative evaluation of national losses. 42 of the medals were awarded for action during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (15) and 27 during the Battle of Iwo Jima. Because Poland's "allies" feared that if Poland became fully mobilized in August that it might "offend" and "provoke" Germany. [38], In the aftermath of the September 1939 German and Soviet invasion of Poland, the territory of Poland was divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (USSR). Those two examples, forgotten preludes to Americas entry into the two world wars, are disturbing because they suggest that one thing leads to another. Depending on the definitions placed on deaths or casualties that resulted from warfare or crimes against humanity by historians, the figures will vary across resources. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warszawa 2009, ISBN978-83-7629-067-6. WW2, on the other hand, lasted 6 whole years, from 1939 to 1945. He notes that in general, the numbers declaring a particular language do not mesh with the numbers declaring the corresponding nationality. The Polish resistance movement lost an additional 100,000 fighters during the war.[63]. That, along with use it or lose thinking by the military staffs, provided a great impetus to the ensuing conflagration. In its fog, discerning its significance and direction is intrinsically difficult. contribution. Answer (1 of 5): Poland and France basically relied on having large numbers of infantry soldiers, with limited mobility and limited / outclassed air support, Germany practiced "Blitzkrieg": fast-moving armoured and mechanised formations, making the maximum use of firepower and maneuver. Why was Poland so weak in ww2? Debunking the myths and propaganda behind 'D-Day'. In a section on the demographic losses he presented estimated losses with some brief observations. Human Losses and Victims of Repression Under the Two Occupations) that estimated Poland's war dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million Poles and Jews, including 150,000 during the Soviet occupation. There was little organized resistance, and by noon the whole of Denmark was occupied. Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Instead they backstabbed and sacrificed their ally hoping that it would satisfy Hitler's and Nazi Germany insatiable appetite for conquest and bloodshed. What were the turning points of World War II? Polska 19391945. [4] C. Total deaths of 6,028,000 includes about 3,000,000 Jews. Each sailor or marines service number, rank, rate, casualty code, and date of casualty are listed. Of the total deaths, 21-25 million were military officers while civilians who die in the war were 50-55 million. [92][93] The Polish contribution to World War II included the Polish Armed Forces in the West, and the 1st and 2nd Polish Army fighting under Soviet command. In East Asia, the victims of famine and pestilence in China are to be numbered in the millions, in addition to other millions of both soldiers and civilians who perished in battle and bombardment. Dane te zostay uzupenione o wyliczenia z innych rde. A table that details estimated deaths by country is available here. Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II. Polska 19391945. [47], According to the figures published by the Polish government in exile in 1941 there were about 7.0 million Polish citizens from ethnic minorities at the beginning of the war in September 1939, mostly Ukrainians, Belarusians, Polishchuks and Lithuanians living in the eastern regions of Poland annexed by the USSR. Some of the estimated numbers of deaths and wounded are unreliable and have been contested several times. Taylor called the 1914 dynamic war by timetable, focusing on the German Armys precise schedules for mobilization, but the inexorable compulsion was the commanding necessity to destroy the enemy before he annihilated you. According to the figures published by the Polish government in exile in 1941 the ethnic Polish population was 24,388,000 at the beginning of the war in September 1939. . https://www.britannica.com/question/How-many-people-died-during-World-War-II. In many battles Poles held their ground against overwhelming German numbers, the most famous of these was the Battle of Wizna, where a single Polish infantry battalion with some 600 soldiers held out for four days against a whole German army consisting of 42,000 soldiers, almost 400 tanks and hundreds more of artillery and armored vehicles. [66] The Ministry of Finance estimated actual losses at 5,085,000 persons, 943,000 less than the Polish government Bureau of War Damages(BOW) report of 1947. About 150,000 of these casualties were suffered by the French army during the German invasion and the Allied . In 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) put the total of Jewish deaths at 2.7 to 2.9 million. The invation is also known in Poland as the September campaign ( Polish: kampania wrzeniowa) or 1939 defensive war (Polish: wojna obronna 1939 roku) and known in Germany as the Poland campaign ( German: berfall auf Polen, Polenfeldzug ). Were all thinking about what Week Two will bring, but the dreaded question is what Year Two will bring. Norman Davies. The statistics on World War II casualties are inexact. Second world war, world war two, the great patriotic war. The Polish army managed to destroy more then one quarter of all German tanks, hundreds of armored cars and the Polish air force managed to shoot down hundreds of Germans planes. [62], Criticism of 1947 Report of Polish Bureau of War Damages, The Polish government Ministry of Finance in 1951 prepared a study to investigate and detail Poland's war losses in order to document claims for war reparations from Germany. The German invasion of Poland was a primer on how Hitler intended to wage war-what would become . The totals below should be treated as approximate figures. France and the UK were also responsible for the fact that Poland did not fully mobilized its armed forces. Defeat the Axis, said Franklin Roosevelt in 1940 and 1941, but stay out of the war. Learn about the horrible conditions of German and Soviet prisoners of war during World War II, Witness the sinking of the German cruise liner MV, Forces and resources of the European combatants, 1939, The Baltic states and the Russo-Finnish War, 193940, The war in the west, September 1939June 1940, The invasion of the Low Countries and France, Italys entry into the war and the French Armistice, The Atlantic and the Mediterranean, 194041, Pearl Harbor and the Japanese expansion, to July 1942, Developments from autumn 1941 to spring 1942, Allied strategy and controversies, 194042, The Germans summer offensive in southern Russia, 1942, The Solomons, Papua, Madagascar, the Aleutians, and Burma, July 1942May 1943, Montgomerys Battle of el-Alamein and Rommels retreat, 194243, Stalingrad and the German retreat, summer 1942February 1943, The invasion of northwest Africa, NovemberDecember 1942, The Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the North Sea, 194245, The Eastern Front, FebruarySeptember 1943, The Southwest and South Pacific, JuneOctober 1943, The Allied landings in Europe and the defeat of the Axis powers, Developments from autumn 1943 to summer 1944, Sicily and the fall of Mussolini, JulyAugust 1943, The Allies invasion of Italy and the Italian volte-face, 1943, The western Allies and Stalin: Cairo and Tehrn, 1943, The Eastern Front, October 1943April 1944, The war in the Pacific, October 1943August 1944, The Burmese frontier and China, November 1943summer 1944, Developments from summer 1944 to autumn 1945, The Allied invasions of western Europe, JuneNovember 1944, Allied policy and strategy: Octagon (Quebec II) and Moscow, 1944, The Philippines and Borneo, from September 1944, The German offensive in the west, winter 194445, The Soviet advance to the Oder, JanuaryFebruary 1945, The end of the Japanese war, FebruarySeptember 1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Also known as. In 1987 the Polish Academy of Science journal Studia Demograficzne published an article by Kazimierz Piesowicz that analyzed the demographic balance from Poland from 1939-1950. [39], E. Population Not Capable of Resistance(100% ages 114; 50% ages 1519; 30% women 20-39; 100% over 70 years and 632,000 disabled) [81], Source of figures: Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziau Polakw w walce o niepodlego na obszarze pastwa polskiego w latach 1939-1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia onierzy Armii Krajowej", (Krakw) 1996 Page 14, A. Bajer uses the 1947 Bureau of War Damages figures as the base to compute his estimate of ethnic Polish war dead. [76], Thaddeus Piotrowski is a Polish-American sociologist. While the treatment of factory workers or farm hands often varied depending on the individual employer, most Polish laborers were compelled to work longer hours for lower wages than Western Europeans. American war planners knew in 1941 that Germany was the primordial threat, but American public opinion had resided for two years in the same anomalous state as we find today in Ukraine policy. Was the Russian elite all lying when they said that the idea of a full-scale Russian invasion was a fantasy of the United States, that there was no way Putin would do something so foolish, that these projections reflected a big plot by the usual suspects? [82], B. Civilian deaths from land battles, aerial bombardment, political and racial executions, war-induced disease and famine, and the sinking of ships probably exceeded battle casualties. The Polish Bureau of War Damages report of 1947 put Jewish losses at 3.4 million; in a subsequent report to the United Nations this figure was 3.2 million Jewish dead, thus reducing the total to 5.8 million. About 4,200,000 Germans died, and about 1,972,000 Japanese died. After youve been humiliated, there is a limit to the humiliation you are willing to suffer. T. Panecki, Wysiek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie wiatowej, pl:Wojskowy Przegld Historyczny 1995, nr 1-2, s. 13,18. China is destroying our world, and no one seems to mind. When he did declare war, it was a huge relief to the Roosevelt Administration, which instantly telegraphed, with the delight of having been won over by a dark seducer: Me too! Estimated figures for World War II casualties are divergent and contradictory. More ethnic Germans also died outside of Germany. The totals listed are approximate and based on a variety of sources. [27] By 1950 670,000 ethnic Germans from prewar Poland had fled or were expelled and about 40,000 remained in Poland; about 200,000 Polish citizens who were on Volksliste groups 1 and 2 during the war were rehabilitated as Polish citizens. The table contains what appear to be the best available statistics on armed forces casualties of all types resulting from battle, of civilian deaths from war-related causes, and estimated total deaths in each of the major nations involved in World War II. (The number is probably higher if we add all those who died at the hands of the Ukrainian Nationalists. In 1916, Wilson dreaded giving any commitments to the British, who pressed him to throw Americas weight behind a reasonable settlement. Poland was the first European country to suffer casualties in World War Two. How Putin and Donald Tusk covered up what caused the Polish presidential plane crash in 2010. I dont think that Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova saw it coming; that Russias Deputy Minister to the United Nations saw it coming; that the oligarchs saw it coming; that most of the Russian people saw it coming. They did however breakout the figures of the total war dead. The invader finds itself doing all sorts of odious things that it did not intend, but which the press of necessity (the alternative is losing) seems to command. Wojciech Materski, Tomasz Szarota (2009), Maly Rocznik Statystyczny Polski-London 1941. [36] During the occupation the natural death rate in the General Government increased to 1.7% per annum compared to the prewar level of 1.4%[37], Part of the Generalplan Ost involved taking children from Poland and moving them to Nazi Germany for the purpose of Germanization, or indoctrination into becoming culturally German. Depending on the definitions placed on deaths or casualties that resulted from warfare or crimes against humanity by historians, the figures will vary across resources. However inexact many of the figures, their main import is clear. However, Czesaw uczak put the number of Poles deported to Germany at 2,826,500 [30] Although Germany also used forced laborers from all over Europe, Slavs (and especially Poles and Russians) who were viewed as racially inferior, were subjected to intensified discriminatory measures. [17], D. Population Losses 1939 Campaign- Bajer estimated that 69% of the 1,230,000 human losses in Sept. 1939 were Poles. Below are the countries with the highest World War II casualties. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warszawa 2009. D. Frymark. The official Historical Journal of the Polish military has published statistics on Polish military casualties. On average 27,000 people were killed each day between September 1, 1939, until the formal surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945. Another nice parallel to the Biden policy is the stance that Franklin Roosevelt adopted in the two years before American entry into the Second World War. However, the exact figure has been disputed, with the Soviets estimating the number to be about 20 million (approximately 13.7% of the population at the time). That recalls some vital conjunctures in American history. 1/87, 1987. [48] The IPN did not estimate the death toll of Polish citizens from these ethnic minorities. Putin has given some acerbic critiques of Americas 2003 Iraq War, but on the fantasy quotient of total victory, no occupation his Ukraine War would appear to share the crooked expectations that attended Americas ill-starred war in Iraq. Steven Zaloga, Victor Madej. The Polish War casualties have been contradicted with the Polish government reporting 6.02 million deaths including 3 million ethnic Poles and 3 million Jews. This was later corroborated by a top German General, Alfred Jodl, who served as the Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (and the man speaking to Hitler in the picture), who stated at the Nuremberg trials that: [55] Based on the analysis by Tadeusz Piotrowski roughly 1.0 million Ukrainians and Belarusians and 400,000 Polish speaking Jews were misclassified as Poles in the official figures for the 1939 population. Poland lost about 5.9 million citizens or one-fifth of its pre-war population during World War II. The causes of World War 2 were complex and varied, but there are five main factors that contributed to its outbreak: Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty of Versailles was the peace settlement that ended World War 1 and was imposed on Germany by the Allied powers. After youve shown that your word is not your bond, you face strong pressure to show that it is. [56] Polish demographer Piotr Eberhardt maintains that it is commonly agreed that the criterion of declared language to classify ethnic groups led to an overestimation of the number of Poles in pre-war Poland. (Total 849,000: Killed 296,000; Prisoners of War 449,000; emigrated from Poland (Sept./Oct 1939) 104,000). History of Accounting for the War Dead from World War 2, U.S. Military World War 2 Medal of Honor Recipients, Negative Effects on the U.S. Economy Caused by World War 2, The P-51 Mustang in Europe, The need for and effects of the P-51 Mustang in the skies over Europe. [27][28] Many mass executions took place outside prisons and camps such as the Mass murders in Pianica. The number of Germans who died in World War II is not clear. In its fog, discerning its significance and direction is intrinsically difficult. A surprise invasion by Nazi Germany in September 1939 caught Poland off guard. The figures are uczak's estimates. Polska 19391945. Hitler watching German troops on their way to Poland. The original and supplementary records have since been transferred to the Modern Military Branch, National Archives and Records Administration located at: 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. [52] In 1951 the Polish government made a reassessment of war losses that put actual losses at 5.1 million ethnic Poles and Jews; this study was to remain secret until the communist government collapsed. [84], Source: Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Civilian. Materski and Szarota page 30 -rdo: K. Bajer, Zakres udziau Polakw w walce o niepodlego na obszarze pastwa polskiego w latach 1939-1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia onierzy Armii Krajowej", (Krakw) 1996, nr 1, s. 14 (tablica: Obliczenie liczby Polakw teoretycznie zdolnych do oporu wobec najedcw).
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