At 400-600 MPa, proteins are easily denatured, and cell morphology is altered, and ribosomes are destroyed. We've encountered a problem, please try again. High pressure increases the boiling point of water and thus helps achieve a higher temperature for sterilization. in Microbiology from St. Xavier's College, Kathmandu, Nepal. The condensed liquid ensures the moist killing of the microbes. As an asst. Once they reach a maximum size, these cavities violently collapse, causing submicroscopic voids to form which induce the formation of high-energy hydraulic shock waves. Applied and Environmental MicrobiologyMay 2008,74(10)2997-3001; Pisano, M. A., Boucher, M. G., & Alcamo, I. E. (1966). FILTER INTEGRITY TESTING PPT. The scraps are heated till they become ash which is then disposed of later. For sterilization processes, the primary device specification is the desired Sterility Assurance Level (SAL). Control of airborne particulate materials with HEPA filters allows the construction of clean rooms and isolation rooms for quarantine, as well as specialized diagnostic/research laboratories. This list can be verified against the DMR and brought to the shop floor to compare with the currently available documents. The recommended size filter that will exclude the smallest bacterial cells is 0.22 micron METHODS OF STERILIZATION Sterilization by Heat: Most common method Dry Heat Simplest method is exposing the item to be sterilized to the naked flame e.g. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. In pasteurization, however, not all the pathogenic organisms are killed. In medical applications, a higher concentration (35-90%) is used. Review (if appropriate) the firm's nonconforming product control, review and disposition activities and any CAPA's indicated. If evidence that the process or environment are not controlled and monitored (no control and monitoring activities, not operating within most currently approved parameters, etc.) Tyndallization is a method that is used for sterilization of media with sugar and gelatin at 100C for 30 minutes on three successive days so as to preserve sugar which might be decomposed at a higher temperature. Review the specific procedure(s) for the sterilization process selected and the methods for controlling and monitoring the process. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. As a result, the steam under pressure has a higher penetrating power. Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. For this purpose, a tunnel containing an IR source is used. Therefore, the smaller the pore, the more likely the filter is to stop more things from going through it. Advantages and disadvantages of sterilization methods (2-12). Sterilization & disinfection& autoclave, Sterilisation and disinfection - dental implication, Sterilisation and disinfection general aspects and applications in dentistry, Sterilization, its type, method,advantages, disadvantages and application, Government Pharmacy College Sajong, Government of Sikkim, Decontamination, Disinfection and sterilisation, Sterilizationofototequipments pritam-100915081628-phpapp01, Sterilization and Disinfection in Prosthodontics, Sterilization and disinfection in Dentistry, Sterilization- Basis concepts and recent advances, Alcohol, phenol and ether- Class 12 or Grade 12, Definition, scope and Importance of environment science, Intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery system. Firms may elect to comply with these standards. STERILIZATION METHODS. Endospore is dormant tough non reproductive struc produced frm entire bacteria.spore li or seed like form bt not sporeusually g+ve. 2. IX.VALIDATION OF ASEPTIC PROCESSING AND STERILIZATION (20) A. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. The items to be sterilized get completely surrounded by saturated steam . Filtration Most filters consist of: 1- diatomaceous earth 2- cellulose acetate or 3- nitrocellulose 0.45 m filters removes most bacteria 0.20 m more inclusive, viruses need 0.01 m Useful for sterilizing liquids (enzymes, vaccines) that are destroyed by heat Filtration cont. These filters are then placed in a liquid nutrient medium and incubated to encourage growth and turbidity. Adams RM and Moss MO (2008). To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Anupama Sapkota has a bachelors degree (B.Sc.) Inspectional Objective 1 regarding validation is applicable only in so far as the contract sterilizer has assumed any responsibility for validation of the process, as indicated in the written agreement between the device manufacturer and the contract sterilizer. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. X-ray and gamma rays are the commonly used ionizing radiation for sterilization. govt .science college ,tumkur,( govt.estab), Sterilization Process and methods of sterilization, Sterilisation &disinfection microbiology revision notes, Sterilisation and disinfection general aspects and applications in dentistry, STERILISATION AND DISINFECTION QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS, Sterilization by Vamsi Anil Krishna Chandu. If the firm's Quality System failed to recognize the process or product nonconformance(s) or take appropriate CAPA, this may be a major CAPA deficiency. 15-d) 160 degrees Celcius for 45 mins. If review of the Device History Records (including process control and monitoring records, acceptance activity records, etc.) Filtration: Helps to remove bacteria from heat labile liquids Items: sera and solutions of sugars or antibiotics. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. STERILIZATION METHOD ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Dry heat sterilization, Healthcare Sterilization Indicator Inks - techintlindia.com//01/Tempilink-sterilization-inks-brochure.pdfChemical indicator inks for sterilization high quality chemical indicator, Principles and Applications of Fermentation Technology3.5 Sterilization of the Culture Media 49 3.5.1 Batch Sterilization 49 3.5.2 Continuous Sterilization 50 3.6 Sterilization, DEVELOPMENTS IN STERILIZATION - icidportal.ha.org.hk Overview Evolution in steam sterilizers Developments in low temperature sterilization Robots in sterilization RFID, Sterilization Methods and the Comparison of E-Beam Sterilization. Prior to concluding the inspection, confirm that the applicable maintenance activities (preventive maintenance, cleaning and adjustment, etc.) View Sterilization and Disinfection 2020.ppt from DENT 51 at City College of San Francisco. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. When a firm claims to comply with one of the recognized standards, the requirements of the standard must be met. . Sugar solutions used for the cultivation of microorganisms tend to caramelise during autoclaving and so they are best . In the case of flaming, the instrument is dipped in alcohol or spirit before burning it in a gas flame. Developing processes that are adequate to produce devices that meet specifications, validating (or fully verifying the results of) those processes, and monitoring and controlling the processes are all steps that help assure the result will be devices that meet specifications. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Pascalization or High-Pressure Processing (HPP) is a method employed for preservation and sterilization of food, in which products are processed under very highpressure (hundreds of megapascal), leading to the death of specificmicroorganismsandinactivation of enzymesin the food. 2 steps:: 1.Cleaning with carbolic acid 2.Fumigation- -with HCHO vapours -with aldehyde based germicides -Silver & hydrogen peroxide. The SlideShare family just got bigger. If your review of the Device History Records reveals no anomalies, proceed to Objective 4. Sterilization & Disinfection . Filter sterilization is often used for a:. This process is conducted in a device called incinerator. Preparation-for-Paediatric-Anaesthesiappt StudyLib. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited. Autoclaves are used for the sterilization of contaminated instruments along with different culture media as it ensures complete sterility. Prepared media plate sterilization methods, Decontamination, Disinfection and sterilisation, Genito-urinary Surgery And Anesthesia.pptx. The instruments and glassware to be sterilized are kept in a tray are then passed through the tunnel on a conveyer belt, moving at a controlled speed. The high temperature-short time cycles not only often result in lower fractional degradation, but they also provide the advantage of achieving higher levels of sterility assurance due to more significant inactivation factors. Flaming is a type of dry sterilization that involves exposure of metallic objects to flame for some time where the flame burns microbes and other dust presents in the instrument. Increasing the filtration area decreases the pressure required to pass a given volume of air through the filter. Thus a filter of 0.22m retains all bacteria and spores but not all viruses. The depth filter traps particles in the network of fibers in the structure. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. of the adequacy of the sterilization process are conducted. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. It is a very effective method for the isolation and enumeration of microorganisms in the test water sample. Examples include: the sterilant, sterilization indicators, and services provided by contract sterilizers or contract laboratories. Other applications of filters include sterilization of venting or displacement air in tissue and microbiological culture (carbon filters and hydrophobic membrane filters); decontamination of air in mechanical ventilators (glass fiber filters); treatment of exhausting air from microbiological safety cabinets (HEPA filters); and the clarification and sterilization of medical gases (glass wool depth filters and hydrophobic membrane filters). 100-5000 ppt (2) 100-1000 ppt (5) 100-10000 ppt (1) 100-5000 ppt (2) 200-2000 ppt (1) 20-200 ppt (1) 250-8000 ppt (1) . Chapman & Hall, New York, NY. Tap here to review the details. Methods of Sterilization . The principal application for filtration sterilization of gases is in the provision of sterile air to aseptic manufac turing suites, hospital isolation units and some . By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. This section reviews sterilization technologies used in healthcare and makes recommendations for their optimum performance in the processing of medical devices. The ability of the filter or housing to maintain integrity in response to sterilization and gas or liquid flow (including pressure surges and flow variations) shall be determined. Steam as a heating medium for sealed containers of product, media, or other liquids. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. After you have reviewed the process control and monitoring activities on the shop floor, use the sampling tables and select for review a number of Device History Records (DHRs, including monitoring and control records, acceptance testing records, etc.) Also, confirm that the piece of inspection, measuring, and test equipment was controlled and calibrated. Flaming 4. SSRN Electronic Journal. In practice, their microorganism removal efficiency is rather better as the majority of bacteria are found associated with dust particles. Sterilization Liquids & Sprays; Sterilization Pouches; Sterilization Tests; Sterilization Trays; Sterilization Tubing, Paper . . Click here to review the details. 1, 18, 811-820. The SharePoint library uses major and minor versions, but it doesn't look like the . The ultrasound can be used with just water, but the use of a solvent appropriate for the object to be cleaned and the type of soiling present enhances the effect. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The term sterilization for pharmaceutical preparations, means the complete destruction of all living organisms and their spores or their complete removal from the preparation. Microbiology, Cell culture, Sterilization; Microscopy, Histology, Instruments; Optical Instruments and Lamps; Cleaning, Care, Aids . It is usually conducted during the final disposal of the hospital or other residues. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Larger microorganisms are retained behind the filter, ensuring that . Porosities of membrane filters range from 0.1m to 10m and the most commonly used membrane filter has the pore size of 0.22m and 0.45m. The SlideShare family just got bigger. MYCOLOGY FINAL.ppt Reena Kulshrestha 2 views . There are two types of filters used in filtration sterilization: (a) Depth filters: (b) Membrane filters: These are porous membrane about 0.1 mm thick, made of cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, polycarbonate, and polyvinylidene fluoride, or some other synthetic material. Types of Filters There are . Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Membrane filters are composed of high tensile strength polymers such as cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, or polysulfone. I have been working as a microbiologist at Patan hospital for more than 10 years. As long or anatomic component only with early expiration, ultrasound guidance for suitability and fatigue and pharmacology in anaesthetic equipment. Sterilization by filtration, depends upon the physical removal of . Moist heat sterilization is one of the most effective methods of sterilization where the steam under pressure acts as a bactericidal agent. Sterilization+by+Filtration - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. Basic idea of various method of sterilization & cssd vivek chauhan Sterilization- Basis concepts and recent advances, 1.importance of rogi roga pareeksha in panchakarma, 4. importance and knowledge of dashavidha pariksha, Stethoscope and BP apparatus (Sphygmomanometer), Differential Diagnosis of Icterus/Jaundice, Alberta stroke programme early CT score (ASPECTS.pptx, CRISPR system for COVID-19 diagnostics.pptx, COMPLICATIONS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION 2016.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Your evaluation must also include a review of the firm's purchasing controls and receiving acceptance activities regarding at least one component, material or service. METHODS AND IN PROCESS Sterilization of metal instruments can be accomplished but requires certain precautions. DEFINITION STERILIZATION The process of freeing an article from microorganisms including their spores. Madigan Michael T, Bender, Kelly S, Buckley, Daniel H, Sattley, W. Matthew, & Stahl, David A. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Besides porosity, other factors also influence the efficiency of filtration, they are: Filtration of liquids is accomplished either by pulling the solution through a cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate membrane with a vacuum (i.e, by applying negative pressure on the filter paper) or by forcing the solution through the filter paper by imposing positive pressure above the fluid. If the CAPA included resterilization, confirm that the effects of the resterilization process on the product and package are understood. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. 14-b) X-rays and gamma rays. In addition to the fact that this method achieves an adequate sterility assurance level, this method also destroys bacterial endotoxins (which are the products of Gram-negative bacteria also called pyrogens, which cause fever when injected into the body) which are difficult to eliminate through other sterilization techniques. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. DISINFECTION OF OPERATION THEATRE. STERILIZATION 2. Prepared media plate sterilization methods, Society for Microbiology and Infection care. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Certain types of filter (membrane filters) also have an essential role in sterility testing, where they can be employed to trap and concentrate contaminating organisms from solutions under test. For example, did a validation study provide objective evidence that resterilization was acceptable? 1995. Pascalization is not particularly effective against spores, but combined treatment with heat is found to be effective in the inactivation of spores. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. I am interested in the use of dry steam as a sterlisation method for Meat to keep it looking fresh in the shop window of my butchers shop I would appreciate it if you could advise what you think would be the best method of sterilization please, 7- a)Solar disinfection . TRANSCRIPT. bioburden sampling, testing and results). AHU, A novel proposition of facilities required for sterile pharmaceutical preparation, Non-Incineration Medical Waste Treatment Technologies, Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008, MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICAL GUIDE (A) 2010 2 PRACTICAL I, Practical Microbiology based on the Hungarian practical notes entitled "Mikrobiolgiai Laboratriumi Gyakorlatok" XML to PDF by RenderX XEP XSL-FO F ormatter, visit us at http://www.renderx.com. Besides milk, other fluids and equipment like vaccines of non-sporing bacteria are also pasteurized at 60C for 1 hour in special water baths. Isolation (Incl. 5- c) Filtration. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. The most commonly used standard temperature-time cycles for clinical porous specimens (e.g. : 1- Pore size of filter 2 . Verify that the building is of suitable design and contains sufficient space to perform necessary operations. Of concern is that home-type microwave ovens . Substances like oil, powder, and related products cannot be sterilized by moist heat because moisture cannot penetrate into deeper parts of oily materials, and powders are destroyed by moisture. However, compliance to the standards is voluntary. An important linkage to consider at this point is Management Responsibility (820.25 Personnel). Large scale membrane filtration is a very expensive process. Where a process is operated over more than one shift, training records from all shifts should be included within your review. The milk is not heated above its boiling point as the milk might curdle, and its nutritional value might be destroyed. Microbiology Chapter 12 Sterilization and Disinfection Microbiology 130 R.L. FILTER INTEGRITY TESTING - FDA Guideline on Sterile Drug Products is helpful we hope. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. The sterile filtrate then exits from the center of the cartridge. Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi, Sterilization & Disinfection by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah, Sterilization & disinfection& autoclave, Sterilisation and disinfection general aspects and applications in dentistry, Sterilisation and disinfection - dental implication, Sterilization and disinfection. 926. PowerPoint Presentation: 3/21/2012 Application of filtration for sterilization of gases: HEPA (High efficiency particulate air) filters can remove up to 99.97% of particles >0.3 micrometer in dia meter. If performed at this location, confirm that the sterilization process, associated environmental and contamination controls, and monitoring and acceptance procedures maintained by the shop floor are the most current approved revision contained within the Device Master Record (DMR). Ethicon Dermabond Advanced Topical Skin Adhesive 2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate. Review the firm's equipment adjustment, maintenance and calibration records for the process. These metabolites are highly oxidizing agents and kill microorganisms by oxidizing various cellular components. Pass all . We've updated our privacy policy. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Some physical methods associated with sterilization are explained below: Amazing blog. CP504 - ppt_Set 10 Sterilization (continued) . If a firm does not claim to comply with a recognized standard, it must provide a scientific rationale supporting the method used for validating and processing its sterilization loads. Water usually boils at 100C under normal atmospheric pressure (760 mm of Hg); however, the boiling point of water increases if the pressure is to be increased. Hydrogen peroxide is a liquid chemical sterilizing agent which is a strong oxidant and can destroy a wide range of microorganisms. These processes work differently and have such different operating constraints that it GAMC, Bengaluru. CriminalAnesthesia Machine Checklist PowerPoint PPT Presentations. 2023 Microbe Notes. Translating the Latest Research Advances Into Routine Care for Alzheimers Di PVI, PeerView Institute for Medical Education, IntlSOS Coronavirus Disease 2019_Talk_Simplified_v10.pptx, Psychology - Lesson 6 Memory Luqman .pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. When conducting a complete sterilization process validation study assessment, the items included in the narrative note under Objective 4 of the Production and Process Controls chapter of this Handbook apply. The dry heat sterilization process is based on the principle of conduction; that is the heat is absorbed by the outer surface of an item and then passed onward to the next layer. We've updated our privacy policy. Made with by Sagar Aryal. Positive Biological Indicators, high EO residues, high bioburdens, out of specification endotoxin results); Parametric Failures (process failures such as unspecified dwell times, low pressure, low EO gas weights, loss of humidity, etc. EO ADVANTAGES Highly effective against most microbes Highly diffusive Compatible with a wide variety of materials in devices and packaging. These high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters can remove up to 99.997% of particles >0.3mm in diameter and thus are acting as depth filters. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. The filter and housing are steam sterilized before product filtration, typically by steam-in-place (SIP) systems. Moist heat sterilization above 100C involves sterilization by steam under pressure. Filtration- passage of material through a . Terminal sterilization of parenteral drug products is performed at 121 C when possible. Filtration is an effective and reasonably economical method of sterilization. A complete sterilization process validation study assessment must include a review of the established validation procedures and verification (via a review of objective evidence) that: 1. Intermittent Fasting Guide_Lose Weight Fast.pdf, Survivor-Centered GBV Response_Micah Oct 2022.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. It is useful in the sterilization of heat or temperature-sensitive equipment like endoscopes. 1. There is a wide variation in the quantity of suspended particles and microbes in the atmospheric outdoor air. from the filter effectively early in the process or the steam may not contact the entire filter adequately. Confirm that all employees are aware of the device defects that may occur as a result of improper performance of their assigned responsibilities. Effect of Sterilization on Elastomeric components Used in Pharmaceutical Indu Bacteriological measurement and its physical characteristics, Aseptic technique, culturing and preservation by Likhith K, Decontamination, Disinfection and sterilisation, Sterilization& infection control, sandipta banerjee, Sterilisation protocol during prosthodontic treatment, Sterilization Process and methods of sterilization, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. Verify that the process is controlled and monitored. Sterilizing effects of high-intensity airborne sonic and ultrasonic waves. Confirm that the sterilization process was validated by reviewing the validation study. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. If you are inspecting a contract sterilizer, Inspectional Objectives 2 through 5, described below, are applicable and must be performed. Click here to review the details. By Groups C & D. Sterilization: Filtration, Radiation and Ultrasonic Waves Filtration Filters are used to produce particle- and pyrogen-free fluid, by removing pathogens and toxic substances from liquid, not killing them. Click here to review the details. Testing Guidance (incl. Suitable for heat-sensitive liquids (infusions, vaccines, hormones, etc). The waves, as a result, cause the formation of pyrimidine dimers which bring error in DNA replication and cause the death of microbes by mutation. reveals that the sterilization process is outside the firm's tolerance for operating or performance parameters: If process or product nonconformance(s) are identified based upon these activities, determine whether the nonconformance(s) were recognized by the firm, handled appropriately and fed into its CAPA system. }~'{ no\/u\BrJYXXvcnz^z{ Wab.+?VZ1oN /G-)))***++m/^. Do not sell or share my personal information. 3. Jay JM (2000). Deep filters (plate filters) are some time used to filter complex nutrient . Delhi. INFECTION CONTROL STERILIZATION and DISINFECTION STANDARD PRECAUTIONS Must be used when exposure to blood, . If the process is run over more than one shift, your review should include DHRs from all shifts. Ultraviolet radiation includes light rays from 150-3900 , of which 2600 has the highest bactericidal effect. Radiation sterilization is generally exposed to items in the dried state which include surgical instruments, sutures, prostheses, unit-dose ointments, plastic syringes, and dry pharmaceutical products. The .gov means its official.Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. PRINCIPLE, ADVANTAGES, These shock waves, which may reach temperatures as high as 10,000F and hydrodynamic pressures as low as 10,000 PSI,physically loosen and remove microorganisms and other adhering debris from even the most inaccessible surfaces of a contaminated instrument. Tap here to review the details. Tube Ven BC Vacutainer PPT 5mL 13x100 K2EDTA/Plmr Gl PrlscntWht. Safelights & Filters Thermometers & Timers . Verify that the control and monitoring activities demonstrate that the process is currently operating in accordance with the DMR. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. The selection of filters for sterilization must account for the size range of the contaminants to be excluded. 0.7 ml 1/Ea . Review the records of one periodic assessment of the adequacy of the sterilization process. Regular scale DNA ladders from Carl . used to demonstrate that predetermined acceptance criteria had been met. Confirm that the sterilization process was validated by reviewing the validation study. We've encountered a problem, please try again. 8- e) Steam heat. The principle of solar disinfection is similar to that of radiation sterilization; however, the efficacy of solar disinfection is significantly low as it requires a long period of exposure. Verify that personnel have been appropriately qualified and trained to implement the sterilization process. The primary mechanisms involved in filtration are sieving, adsorption, and trapping within the matrix of the filter material. Filtration Sterilization: Types, Mechanism, Uses. These filters are made of different materials;MaterialsName of the filterAsbestos padSeitz filterDiatomaceous earthBerkefeld filterProcelainChamberland-Pasteur filterSintered glass disksSintered glass filterCelluloseMembrane filterBorosilicate glass fiberHEPA filterClay, mudCandle filterRelative size of human cells, bacteria and virus(Image source: Patrice D Cani). Learn how your comment data is processed. Alkadhim, Saif Aldeen (2018) Hot Air Oven for Sterilization: Definition & Working Principle. Micro-strainer and Micro-filtration in sludge disposal, food industry, efflue How Aeration Has Advanced - OxyMem 08.11.16, Cell Culture Media Filtration Filter Selection and Sizing, Depuratori Acqua Osmosi Inversa Addolcitori Sinergroup, Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Technology for Decentralized Wastewater Systems, Membrane filtration by Akram Hossain, Food and Process Engineering, HSTU, Bioreactor and applications of bioreactors.
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