Ice, 38, 6673, https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.38.Special_66, 1976.a, b, Janjic, Z.I.: The Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Model: Further Developments of The lines for width and depth correspond to the values on the right yaxis. . Res.-Atmos., 123, 1318613202. Chem. Similarly, the vertical extent of the amplified diurnal cycle of potential temperature is based on the model level at which the daily range in potential temperature is the same as over the plain (not shown, but three model levels are shown in Fig.11). Weather data Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If you dont pass country code thensearch works for USA as a default. In general, numerical weather prediction models require a spin-up period to allow the model to adjust from the specified initial conditions to a balanced state that is consistent with the models' own dynamics and physics. Since then, it has been tweaked to allow for factors beyond just the air temperature - such as humidity, wind speed and radiant heat which can cause courtside spaces to become much hotter than the air outside the tennis complex. Soc., 146, # JSON data works just similar to python dictionary and you can access the value using []. Janjic, Z.I.: The Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Model: Further Developments of Synoptic-Scale Flows and Winds within a Valley, J. Appl. Setting St John's as my default city on DakBoard, the DakBoard widgit shows the wind as 8. variables in the south of central Himalaya, Int. This value does not give an absolute value for the valley widths, but it does provide a comparable number for different parts of each valley, which was a more convenient approach to visualise the narrowing and widening of the valley topographies with the complex valley topographies with multiple side-valleys. Daytime up-valley winds are found in all four valleys on each day of the simulation (Fig.5); along-valley winds are discussed in detail in Sect.4.1. By profession I am a software engineer and I love to share my knowledge over the internet. Mikkola, J., Sinclair, V. A., Bister, M., and Bianchi, F.: Daytime along-valley winds in the Himalayas as simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, Atmos. Rajeev, K., Gunthe, S.S., and Kotamarthi, V.R.: Effects of spatial Daytime along-valley winds in the Himalayas as simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. B1: Set Unit System (Celsius: "metric", Fahrenheit: "imperial") # {EL} Sci. The subtropical jet is located around 25N during 1821December2014, which is south-east of the study area. The night-time down-valley winds are found more during the large-scale northerlies, which is most likely due to channelling of above-valley winds into the valley atmosphere. Considering that the daytime warming is also particularly affected by the large-scale weather above the valley atmosphere, the vertical extent of the strongest warming in the valley atmospheres is similar between the 2d. This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. The number of hours selectable. Current weather is frequently updated based on global models and data from more than 40,000 weather stations. If you want to know more the Stack Overflow answers have explanations along with comments for what the magic numbers represent. The yaxes are the grid points at the valley centre, and the crosses on the right-hand side of each figure denote the location of the grid points marked using the same colours in Figs.2b and 3. Environment Canada says it is 27 km/h. As we focus on the along-valley winds, it is sensible to extend the valley centre lines towards the plain over this barrier instead of following the topography towards the south-east (Fig.2b). The weak observed winds may be due to sheltering by the nearby trees; thus, the Lukla AWS may not be representative of the area covered by the closest WRF grid box. I imported the data and when I print it, I am able to see the requested data (humidity, temperature, wind speed etc.) This way, the dominant driving mechanism of the along-valley winds, within the valleys, could shift from the valley volume effect to buoyant forcing due to the inclination. The up-valley winds exceeding 3ms1 cover half of the along-valley distance in Kanchanjunga, whereas they are only found at the valley entrance in Makalu. Soc., 91, 10151058. Today we have more than 80,000 weather stations around the world. From the list, search and select OpenWeatherMap. Up to 25ms1 near-surface winds are found on the ridges surrounding the Kanchanjunga Valley, but the near-surface winds stay below 10ms1 and flow in the up-valley direction within the valley atmosphere. OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science. (2015) suggested that the increase in wind speed was due to both the reduction in the valley volume by 50% and the additional buoyancy forcing from the slope wind effect. The north-westerlies penetrate into the valley atmosphere through the gaps and open southnorth-orientated structures surrounding the top of the valley. manually: From the configuration menu select: Devices & Services. In both the morning (Fig.8a, b) and afternoon (Fig.9a, b), the wind component towards the valleys decreases to 1ms1 for the whole depth of the plain-to-valley wind layer. The along-valley wind characteristics in Khumbu Valley were found to be similar to what previous research has shown, with respect to both observational (Inoue,1976; Ueno and Kayastha,2001; Bollasina etal.,2002; Ueno etal.,2008; Bonasoni etal.,2010; Shea etal.,2015) and model-based studies (Potter etal.,2018, 2021). Parameters During Weak Mean-Flow Conditions, Bound.-Lay. At the locations with clear diurnal cycles, the daytime up-slope winds are less than 3ms1 in magnitude and their vertical extent is less than 300m (see Fig.S3 and S4 in the Supplement for vertical cross-sections of the wind components across the valleys). Wind direction, degrees (meteorological). We now attempt to understand the differences in the daytime up-valley winds during this 4d period between the four valleys and along the individual valleys and to relate these differences to the differences in the valley topographies. The width estimate is the distance between the west and east wall from the grid points where the elevation is above 1000m compared with the valley centre line height. The surface topography is from United States Geological Survey with a horizontal resolution of 30arcsec (1km) and is shown for domains d01 and d04 in Fig.2a and b respectively. Not only temperature, humidity and wind speed, but also visibility and sensible temperature can be obtained. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2, 2004.a, Karki, R., ulHasson, S., Gerlitz, L., Schickhoff, U., Scholten, T., and Bhner, J.: Quantifying the added value of convection-permitting climate simulations in complex terrain: a systematic evaluation of WRF over the Himalayas, Earth Syst. In the portions of the Makalu and Kanchanjunga valleys where the valley floor is flat, the valley depth increases at a constant rate from the valley entrance towards the valley top. The daytime cross-valley winds, on the other hand, are driven by the buoyancy force that arises from the horizontal temperature difference between the air immediately adjacent to the slopes, which is heated, and the air on the same horizontal level but away from the slope. La Crosse Technology, 327-1417BW. You can access data of several cities simultaneously by calling several city IDs. We are glad to invite you to join our network of private weather stations. The onset and offset of the daytime up-valley winds occur approximately 2h after sunrise (06:50LT) and 1h after the sunset (17:12LT) respectively. 25072522, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR2298.1, 2008.a, b, c, Wagner, J. S., Gohm, A., and Rotach, M. W.: Influence of along-valley terrain heterogeneity on exchange processes over idealized valleys, Atmos. During night-time, the winds are around 2ms1 and are directed up-valley in the top half of the valley (grid points 25 and 45 in Fig.6a), and they are less than 1ms1 up- or down-valley in the lower half of the valley (grid points 70 and 95 in Fig.6a). You can download list of city ID from this. We can access weather data using openweathermap API. github.com/openhab/openhab1-addons and Dhaka, S.K.: Impact of Mountainous Topography on Surface-Layer The amplitude of the diurnal cycle is slightly larger in the middle of the valley than at either the valley entrance or the valley top. Now we will access the weather information by passing city name. In your Rule you need to just supply the units you want. Northwest, Sunrise %sunrise% - 08:30:30 (24 hour format), Sunset %sunset% - 19:30:30 (24 hour format), (Date & Time) - The date & time of the most recent data information that OpenWeather API has available. Climatol., 38, 17481759, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5293, 2018.a, b. In all of the valleys during the 4d simulation, both the vertical extent of the diurnal cycle of potential temperature and the layer of up-valley winds is deepest in the lower parts of the valleys (yellow and purple crosses in Figs.9 and 11). Gets weather forecast for the specific time (corrected to zero minutes) from OpenWeather with specifying latitude and longitude of the world. We collect and process weather data from different sources such as global and local weather models, satellites, radars and a vast network of weather stations. On 18December, the diurnal cycle is more interrupted than during the 1921December period, and the simulated night-time down-valley winds are caused by the channelling of the north-westerlies into the valleys. The data are plotted every 30min. The daytime up-valley winds only vary by 23ms1 along the valley, and the onset and offset times are similar throughout the valley. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029427, 2018.a, b, c, Potter, E.R., Orr, A., Willis, I.C., Bannister, D., and Wagnon, P.: The scale measures multiple environmental factors: air temperature, radiant heat, humidity and wind speed, based on readings taken at five different locations around the tournament. The grid point was selected based on the station and model grid coordinates without the use of any horizontal interpolation. reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. prediction, 1115, 2004.. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00109.1, 2014.a, b, Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Pan, H.-L., Wu, X., Wang, J., Nadiga, S., Tripp, P., As summarised in Sect.3, the two westernmost valleys, Gaurishankar and Khumbu, have inclined valley floors throughout the length of the valley (12 in the lower part of the valleys and 25 in the upper part) and a 1km high perpendicular barrier between the valley entrance and the plain. Details about the API are available in the OpenWeatherMap documentation. Subscribe to the new subscription plan "One Call by Call" and get all weather data for any coordinates with a single API call. 2. Res., 18, 2330, 2001.. The up to 1.5K warming between 09:00 and 15:00LT on20December and the cooling between 09:00 and 15:00LT on21December at higher altitudes (>2000m above the surface) most likely occur due to large-scale thermal advection. Called by: Makalu and Kanchanjunga have rather flat valley floors from the valley entrance into the valley, with less than a 1 inclination (brown shading in Fig.3c and d). The threshold wind speed, below which reliable measurements cannot be obtained, for the anemometers measuring at all three stations is 0.21ms1 for wind speed and 0.15ms1 for wind direction. When you subscribe to our service, you can join us to help with donation of just of 20. dynamics in the Nepalese Himalaya, J. Geophys. I hope you found it helpful so share this with others. After the umpire replied that it would require the oppressive conditions to lessen, a frustrated Thompson replied: Thats not going to be for hours!Its too hot, Wolf said. We also assume that, as all four valleys are under similar large-scale forcing, the differences in the along-valley winds are mainly due to differences in the valley topographies. The same analysis with an extended yscale to show the along-valley wind velocities less than 5ms1 is shown in the Supplement (Fig.S2). When I started learning about Python; I though I should create a blog to share my Python Knowledge, and hence I've created. Headquarters in London, UK. However, they simulated the monsoon season, which is not favourable for the thermally driven valley winds that are the focus of our study. The ridgelines (not shown) were identified using a similar algorithm, with a small modification to the aforementioned technique. Therefore, it remains unknown if these other major valleys have similar along-valley winds to those found in Khumbu Valley and, thus, if they could also act as sources of free-tropospheric aerosol. Res., 19, 111, 2002.a, b, c, d, e, Bonasoni, P., Laj, P., Marinoni, A., Sprenger, M., Angelini, F., Arduini, J., Further details of the observation sites can be found in Yang etal. Thus, the decay of up-valley winds at this location is delayed by 3h compared with the other valleys. The modelled wind speed is adjusted to 5m, assuming a logarithmic wind profile for neutral stratification (Stull,1988). The land surface scheme used in the simulation was the Unified Noah land surface model (Tewari etal.,2004). The up-valley wind propagation into the valley could be significantly interrupted by the flow forced to flow over the 1km high barrier. The cross-valley wind component is considered here as a wind component perpendicular to the valley centre lines (introduced in Sect.2.3.1) and, thus, perpendicular to the along-valley wind component directly above the valley centre line. Novak Djokovic received a hero's welcome at Melbourne Park before normal service resumed . The valley centre lines (in yellow in Fig.2b) were identified using a simple algorithm. Requesting API calls by geographical coordinates is the most accurate way to specify any location. Muoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, Parameters During Weak Mean-Flow Conditions, Bound.-Lay. Muoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, Atmospheric pressure at sea level for the forecasts time period, hPa. The valley depth is shown by the purple line in Fig.3, with the values on the right yaxes. The large-scale flow is examined at 400hPa, as the surface pressure is below 500hPa at many locations within the study area. The Australian Open introduced a new Heat Stress Scale from 1-5 in 2019 with five the highest possible and requiring play to be suspended after a tie-break or after an even number of games in a set. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1427-2021, 2021.a, Solanki, R., Singh, N., Kiran Kumar, N.V.P., Rajeev, K., Imasu, R., Wireless wind/thermo-hygro sensor transmits from a 330 ft range (open air) to your indoor console so you know what the weather's doing without having to turn on a radio or TV. (2018) and at http://geonetwork.evk2cnr.org, last access: 19December2022. Figure5Wind speed (shading) and direction (black vectors) on the lowest vertical level (approximately 25m above the surface) in the d04 domain on 1821December2014. The Kanchanjunga and Khumbu valleys have the most persistent diurnal cycle with respect to the up-valley winds in this 4d simulation. With coarse-resolution models, it is also not possible to accurately simulate the vertical transport of aerosol emitted in the mountain boundary layer and ventilated by the valley winds into the free troposphere. In the 4d simulation, the peak magnitude in winds in the Gaurishankar Valley is located near a narrow (in the cross-valley direction) part of the valley (as shown in Fig.S4a in the Supplement). The wind speed above this location, 200m higher than the model level that is shown in Fig.6, is already reduced by half (not shown). Wagner etal. During large-scale north-westerlies (18December), the daily cycle of along-valley winds is interrupted more compared with days with large-scale westerlies (2021December), especially at the tops of the Gaurishankar, Khumbu and Makalu valleys. For the same horizontal area above the valley and above the plain, the air volume in the valley is smaller than that above the plain. In this way, the structure of the flow in plainvalley interaction can be studied more successfully (cross-sections are discussed later in Sect.4.2). Should the default value not be in km/h also in OH2 openweathermap add-on? Positive values of wind velocity refer to up-valley winds. In the WRF simulation performed by Bonekamp etal. Figures10 and 11 show that the diurnal cycle of potential temperature reaches higher up in the valley atmosphere compared with over the plain. Winds in the Swiss Alps: Influence of Grid Resolution, Topography Filtering, You can also access weather data of cities within a rectangle zone. Marketplace of prepared data sets(cities, zip codes, grids), On-the-fly bulksfor customized lists of coordinates, APIs (city-based, up to 1 year back; subscriptions with various limits on calls/min, data availability, and service). See EXAMPLE.md for a demonstration of how I use these in my Daily Template. Go to https://openweathermap.org to register and get a key. Rajeev, K., Gunthe, S.S., and Kotamarthi, V.R.: Effects of spatial This paper was edited by Peter Haynes and reviewed by two anonymous referees. When has that ever happened? Due to the potential interruption of the thermally driven winds by the large-scale winds on 18December and the fact that we want to focus on situations where there is little interaction with the large-scale flow, the analysis mostly concentrates on the 2021December period in the following sections. All Rights Reserved . the Convection, Viscous Sublayer, and Turbulence Closure Schemes, Mon. I want to convert this into text format - Stack Overflow I have wind direction data coming from OpenWeatherMap API, and the data is represented in 0 to 360 degrees. Ek, M., Meng, J., Wei, H., Yang, R., Lord, S., vanden Dool, H., Kumar, A., Get current weather data and forecasts for any number of locations. Manage deliveries with confidence by using tools that help you route accordingly. The easternmost valley, Kanchanjunga, is an exception here because it is surrounded by sufficiently high ridges on the sides and at the valley top (Fig.3d) that shelter the valley atmosphere from the large-scale flow channelling. For example: Winds %wind-speed% Km/h^ with gusts up to %wind-gust% Km/h^, With wind gust data this will convert to: Winds 10 Km/h with gusts up to 20 Km/h, Without wind gust data this will convert to: Winds 10 Km/h (The gusts text surrounded by carets will be removed). In the middle of the valley (purple time series, grid point 120), the onset of the up-valley winds occurs at the same time as in the other valleys, but there are two maximums: the first around 15:00LT and the second time around 18:00LT. Res.-Atmos., 126, 3. You can use this parameter to get the output in your language. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization, Mon. Goldberg, M.: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, Bull. Figure11 shows the deviation of potential temperature at each along-valley grid point (yaxis) on three model levels from the 2d average of potential temperature during the2021December period. Plain-to-valley winds, and further along-valley winds, stem from the uneven warming of the valley atmosphere and the air above the adjacent plain. However, overall, the modelled diurnal cycle of winds (with respect to both magnitude and direction) agrees reasonably well with the observations; hence, we conclude that the WRF simulation is sufficient for simulating the valley winds. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. The plain-to-valley winds flow over the 1000m high barrier at the entrances to the Gaurishankar and Khumbu valleys in a shallow layer of less than 500m (grid points 110130 in Gaurishankar and grid points 120140 in Khumbu). 2018.a, b, c, Collier, E. and Immerzeel, W.W.: High-resolution modeling of atmospheric The valley topographical characteristics are described in Sect.3. This research has been supported by the H2020 European Research Council (grant no. "weather_current_1" Inserts weather string format One, "weather_current_2" Inserts weather string format Two, "weather_current_3" Inserts weather string format Three, "weather_current_4" Inserts weather string format Four. Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, Whiteman, C.D. and Doran, J.C.: The Relationship between Overlying Meteor. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033928, 2021.a, Potter, E.R., Orr, A., Willis, I.C., Bannister, D., and Salerno, F.: 167 pulls off upset as play suspended due to heat. Figure11Diurnal variations in potential temperature in the valleys at model levels 0 (ad), 4 (eh) and 8 (il) during the last 2d of the simulation (2021December2014). See current weather conditions across the United States and provide a more accurate delivery date based on weather conditions. Table2WRF-modelled values compared to near-surface observations in the Khumbu Valley, showing the mean bias error (MBE), mean absolute error (MAE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the 2m temperature and 5m wind speed separately for daytime (06:0018:00LT) and night-time (18:0006:00LT). The local valley winds in the Nepal Himalayas during the 1821December period in2014 were studied using a high-resolution WRF simulation. List of all API parameters with available units. Here, the cross-valley wind is perpendicular to the along-valley wind, but it is calculated at the slopes 5 to 10 grid points away from the valley centre line. Detailed forecasts available by city name, city ID, geographic coordinates or postal/ZIP code. What are variables? During the simulation period, the wind speed is weakest at the valley top and strongest in the middle of the valley (Fig.S4c and d in the Supplement). Giovannini, L., Antonacci, G., Zardi, D., Laiti, L., and Panziera, L.: Weather Rev., 136, Thus, if the winds are driven by the pressure gradient force, the depth of the heated layer (i.e. In all four valleys, the strongest up-valley winds occur at the entrances of the Makalu and Kanchanjunga valleys and 30km into the Gaurishankar Valley (around along-valley grid point 70). Data is available in JSON, XML, or HTML format. Solanki, R., Singh, N., Kiran Kumar, N.V.P., Rajeev, K., Imasu, R., Interactive maps show precipitation, clouds, pressure, wind around your location. In contrast, the Gaurishankar and Khumbu valleys both have a continuous increase in the inclination that increases from 2 (along-valley grid points 80100) to 5 towards the valley top. Sensors provide data in the language that was selected when configuring the integration. For the inner domain (d04), this means a time step of approximately 1s. For each point on the globe, OpenWeather provides historical . Schmidli, J.: Daytime Heat Transfer Processes over Mountainous Terrain, J. Atmos. The differences in the valley winds between the valleys are discussed in Sect.5, and the conclusions are given in Sect.6. You can read more about me here. Figure3 gives an overview of the topographic characteristics along each of the four valleys based on the diagnostics defined in Sect.2.3.1. Thompson, G., Field, P.R., Rasmussen, R.M., and Hall, W.D.: Explicit (Note: Standard is in Kelvin, not really useful in most cases), Define your weather strings here (Up to 4 strings are available). APIs Question 2: Weather Rev., 122, 927945. The Kanchanjunga Valley is an exception among the valleys, as the daytime up-valley winds reach the top of the valley even during days with large-scale north-westerlies. Gayno, G., Wegiel, J., and Cuenca, R.H.: Implementation and verification of This results in a warming of 5K (Gaurishankar) and 3K (Khumbu) in the lee of the barrier compared with the base of the barrier over the plain. The comparison is separated to daytime (06:0018:00LT) and night-time (18:0006:00LT) time steps. Liu, Q., Chen, Y., Han, Y., Cucurull, L., Reynolds, R.W., Rutledge, G., and Bianchi etal. In addition, sixth-order numerical diffusion and w-Rayleigh damping were applied to the uppermost 5km. Dev., Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079m), Atmos. Amazing stuff. The standard deviation of the 40-year monthly means is shown by the black contours (ms1). The scale measures multiple environmental factors: air temperature, radiant heat, humidity and wind speed, based on readings taken at five different locations around the tournament. 1,000 API calls per day for free! The local wind patterns in Khumbu Valley (one of the valleys that is investigated in this study) have been studied in the past by means of meteorological observations (Inoue,1976; Ueno and Kayastha,2001; Bollasina etal.,2002; Ueno etal.,2008; Bonasoni etal.,2010; Shea etal.,2015; Yang etal.,2018) and high-resolution meteorological modelling (Karki etal.,2017; Potter etal.,2018, 2021). the Nepalese Himalaya, Int. The along-valley wind component at the valley grid point i, AVWi, is then calculated using Eq.(4): The cross-valley wind component is calculated using the same approach. If you just started learning Python then this blog is for you. Appl. 1. Accurate modelling of these thermally driven winds requires high horizontal resolution, down to at least a 1km grid spacing, due to their complex structure and sensitivity to the topography (Schmidli etal.,2018). Meteorol. The high wind speeds caused by the channelling are shown in the Supplement (Fig.S2). opened by JueBag This app brings the OpenWeatherMap API to Homey. At Lukla, the modelled maximum and minimum temperatures are around 2.5K above and below the observation respectively. Geosci., 14, 49, | 00:39, 'F**k' off!' A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R.J., Hlm, E., Janiskov, M., This is deviation from current temp that is possible for large cities and megalopolises
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