From the beginning, the German government repeatedly asked Molotov whether the Soviet Union would keep to its side of the partition bargain. Now cleared of any "second front" threat from the Japanese, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin ordered his forces into Poland on 17 September. Zahradnik "Korzenie Zaolzia. [60], Overall, the Germans enjoyed numerical and qualitative aircraft superiority. [129], The Polish Air Force was not destroyed on the ground in the first days of the war. [76] The forward positioning of Polish forces vastly increased the difficulty of carrying out strategic maneuvres, compounded by inadequate mobility, as Polish units often lacked the ability to retreat from their defensive positions, as they were being overrun by more mobile German mechanized formations. Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota (eds.). However, contrary to German propaganda, it was not destroyed on the groundin fact it was successfully dispersed before the conflict started and not a single one of its combat planes was destroyed on the ground in the first days of the conflict. [65] When in the spring of 1939 it turned out that there were problems with the implementation of the new PZL.50 Jastrzb fighter, it was decided to temporarily implement the production of the fighter PZL P 11.G Kobuz. However, Polish military planners failed to foresee the speed of the German advance and assumed that Armia Prusy would need to be fully mobilized by 16 September. In private, Hitler said in May that Danzig was not the important issue to him, but pursuit of Lebensraum for Germany.[35]. [97] In the last week of September, Hitler made a speech in Danzig and said: Meantime, Russia felt moved, on its part, to march in for the protection of the interests of the White Russian and Ukrainian people in Poland. By 1 September, out of about 120 heavy bombers PZL.37s produced, only 36 PZL.37s were deployed, the rest being mostly in training units. The mobilised units were gradually demobilised, and the Army Group Bernolk was disbanded on October 7. Only in this way can we obtain the living space we need. The paralysis of command and the breakdown of morale were not made the ultimate aim of the German ground and air forces, and were only incidental by-products of the traditional manoeuvers of rapid encirclement and of the supporting activities of the flying artillery of the Luftwaffe, both of which had as their purpose the physical destruction of the enemy troops. 7TP vol.II, Janusz Magnus#1, Militaria 317, Warszawa 2009. Two days later, his left wing was well to the rear of d and his right wing at the town of Kielce. The recently created Slovak Republic joined the attack, and the Slovak Field Army Bernolk contributed over 50,000 soldiers in three divisions. Rydz-migy ordered them to fall back and not to engage the Soviets. Even though water barriers separated most of the spheres of interest, the Soviet and German troops met on numerous occasions. [125], The American journalist and filmmaker Julien Bryan came to besieged Warsaw on 7 September 1939 in the time of German bombardment. The Polish Air Force, despite being significantly outnumbered and with its fighters outmatched by more advanced German fighters, remained active until the second week of the campaign, inflicting significant damage on the Luftwaffe. The right wing of the Poles had been hammered back from Ciechanw, about 40km (25mi) north-west of Putusk, and was pivoting on Posk. "Chapter 2. [112] On 7 September 1939, just a few days after France and Britain joined the war against Germany, Stalin explained to a colleague that the war was to the advantage of the Soviet Union, as follows:[113], A war is on between two groups of capitalist countries for the redivision of the world, for the domination of the world! Since the war was started without a formal declaration of war and there were no longer any Polish prisoners of war held by Slovakia, there was no formal peace treaty between Poland and Slovakia. We cannot expect a repetition of Czechoslovakia. However, they did little to affect the outcome of the September Campaign. The Polish military had fewer armored forces than the Germans, and these units, dispersed within the infantry, were unable to effectively engage the Germans. Mobile and available in significant quantity, artillery shattered as many units as any other branch of the Wehrmacht. On January 16, joint air and tactical training of aviation units of the Armed Forces of Belarus and Russia, which are part of the aviation component of the regional grouping of troops (forces), started. Border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia began in 1918 between the Second Polish Republic and First Czechoslovak Republic, both freshly created states.The conflicts centered on the disputed areas of Cieszyn Silesia, Orava Territory and Spi.After World War II they broadened to include areas around the cities of Kodzko and Racibrz, which until 1945 had belonged to Germany. Polska 19391945. [92][93] The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists rose against the Poles, and communist partisans organized local revolts, robbing and killing civilians. The invasion of Poland led Britain and France to declare war on Germany on 3 September. The invasion is also known in Poland as the September campaign (Polish: kampania wrzeniowa) or 1939 defensive war (Polish: wojna obronna 1939 roku) and known in Germany as the Poland campaign (German: berfall auf Polen, Polenfeldzug). [38] The British Cabinet was pleased that negotiations had been agreed to but, mindful of how Emil Hcha had been forced to sign his country away under similar circumstances just months earlier, regarded the requirement for an immediate arrival of a Polish representative with full signing powers as an unacceptable ultimatum. [14] The Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September. : Slovak invasion of Poland and August Horislav kultty [26], The invasion was referred to by Germany as the 1939 Defensive War (Verteidigungskrieg) since Hitler proclaimed that Poland had attacked Germany and that "Germans in Poland are persecuted with a bloody terror and are driven from their homes. The offensive of the Luftwaffe broke what remained of the Polish resistance in an "awesome demonstration of air power". [72] The fact that none of Poland's allies had specifically guaranteed Polish borders or territorial integrity was another Polish concern. When the final mobilization started, it added to the confusion.[42]. Background. Around then, advanced German forces also reached Lww, a major city in eastern Poland, and 1,150 German aircraft bombed Warsaw on 24 September. The invasion of Poland was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union; which marked the beginning of World War II. The recently created Slovak Republic joined the attack, and the Slovak Field Army Bernolk contributed over 50,000 soldiers in three divisions. The Slovak invasion of Poland occurred during Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939. The recently-created Slovak Republic joined the attack, and Field Army Bernolk contributed over 50,000 soldiers in three divisions. The plan of operations took into account the numerical and material superiority of the enemy and, also assumed the defensive character of Polish operations. On September 7, the division stopped its advance 30km inside Polish territory. In case of a failure to defend most of the territory, the army was to retreat to the south-east of the country, where the rough terrain, the Stryj and Dniestr rivers, valleys, hills and swamps would provide natural lines of defence against the German advance, and the Romanian Bridgehead could be created. Nevertheless, due to the outbreak of the war, not one of the ordered 90 aircraft of this type were delivered to the army.[66]. [81] By 3 September, when von Kluge in the north had reached the Vistula River, then some 10km (6.2mi) from the German border, and Georg von Kchler was approaching the Narew River, Walther von Reichenau's armour was already beyond the Warta river. The History of Slovakia, dates back to the findings of ancient human artifacts. On March 14, 1939, the Slovak Republic was created as a client state of . [115], Russia is pursuing a cold policy of its own interests. German hegemony over Central Europe was also at stake. The most common range differences and their brackets are: German personnel 1,490,900 (official figure of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs)or 1,800,000. The Polish defensive plan called for a strategy of encirclement. Four days after the signing of the Polish-British Common Defence Pact, three destroyers of the Polish Navy executed the Peking Plan and so evacuated to Great Britain. Website of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs the Poles on the Front Lines, "Axis Slovakia: Hitler's Slavic Wedge, 19381945", p. 81, A ridiculous hundred million Slavs: concerning Adolf Hitler's world-view, Tadeusz Manteuffel Institute of History Polish Academy of Sciences, Jerzy Wojciech Borejsza p. 49, Warsaw 2017, The Second World War: Volume 2 Europe 19391943, Tom 2 Robin Havers p. 25. We realize now that in England and France this German and Russian co-operation is considered a terrible crime. On 22 August, just over a week before the onset of war, Hitler delivered a speech to his military commanders at the Obersalzberg: The object of the war is physically to destroy the enemy. Background. On the same day, Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-migy announced the mobilization of Polish troops. Poland has declared it wants to send Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine, part of a growing initiative to put modern heavy armor into Kyiv's hands. Gnther von Kluge led 20 divisions that entered the Polish Corridor and met a second force heading to Warsaw from East Prussia. [122][123] The approximately 75 tonnes (83 short tons) of gold was considered sufficient to field an army for the duration of the war. The most common range brackets for casualties are: Poland: 63,000 to 66,300 KIA, 134,000 WIA. [130] The Luftwaffe lost 285 aircraft to all operational causes, with 279 more damaged, and the Poles lost 333 aircraft. The enclave of Westerplatte's tiny garrison capitulated on 7 September and the Oksywie garrison held until 19 September; the Hel Fortified Area was defended until 2 October. The Soviets lost approximately 150 tanks in combat of which 43 as irrecoverable losses, while hundreds more suffered technical failures. On 26 August, Hitler tried to dissuade the British and the French from interfering in the upcoming conflict, even pledging that the Wehrmacht forces would be made available to Britain's empire in the future. The Polish Air Force had roughly 185 PZL P.11 and some 95 PZL P.7 fighters, 175 PZL.23 Kara Bs, 35 Kara as light bombers. [68] The 7TP was significantly better armed than its most common opponents, the German Panzer I and II, but only 140 tanks were produced between 1935 and the outbreak of the war. Poland had appropriated the area on October 1, 1938 after the previous month's Munich Agreement. On 30 January 1933, the National Socialist German Workers' Party, under its leader Adolf Hitler, came to power in Germany. Such was the Vernichtungsgedanke of the Polish campaign. Steven J. Zaloga, Ramiro Bujeiro, Howard Gerrard, Polish territory divided among Germany, Lithuania, the Soviet Union, and the Slovak client-state, GermanPolish declaration of non-aggression, Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance, SovietCzechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance, SovietBritishFrench Moscow negotiations, to connect East Prussia with Germany proper, Opposing forces in the Polish September Campaign, Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939, German order of battle for the invasion of Poland, attacked near the Polish village of Mokra, War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II, received the city of Vilnius and its environs, Polish cavalry brigade order of battle in 1939, Polish resistance movement in World War II, List of World War II military equipment of Poland, List of German military equipment of World War II, List of Czechoslovakia interwar period weapons, "German Army Attacks Poland; CitiesBombed, Port Blockaded; Danzig Is AcceptedInto Reich", "The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy", Reply of the German Chancellor to the Communication of 28 August 1939, from His Majesty's Government, Viscount Halifax to Sir N. Henderson (Berlin). Now, 79 years later many people don't know that over 50,000 Slovak soldiers invaded Poland alongside Germany, resulting in the Polish regions of Spisz and Orawa, inhabited by 34,500, being incorporated into Slovakia. Cooper[49], John Ellis, writing in Brute Force, asserted that, there is considerable justice in Matthew Cooper's assertion that the panzer divisions were not given the kind of strategic mission that was to characterize authentic armoured blitzkrieg, and were almost always closely subordinated to the various mass infantry armies. Polish to German forces in the September Campaign: 1,000,000 soldiers, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 435 aircraft (Poland) to 1,800,000 soldiers, 10,000 guns, 2,800 tanks, 3,000 aircraft (Germany). [57], An average Polish infantry division consisted of 16,492 soldiers and was equipped with 326 light and medium machine guns, 132 heavy machine guns, 92 anti-tank rifles and several dozen light, medium, heavy, anti-tank and anti-airplane field artillery. [109] Frank was at the same time appointed "supreme chief administrator" for all occupied territories. Taylor, Octopus, 1974, p. 35, Adam Kurowski 'Lotnictwo Polskie 1939' 129. There will be fighting.[36]. Stanley S. Seidner, "Reflections from Rumania and Beyond: Marshal migy-Rydz Rydz in Exile," The Polish Review vol. The German side described all this as an incident "caused by an insane individual" (see Jabonkw incident). [110] At Brest-Litovsk, Soviet and German commanders held a joint victory parade before German forces withdrew westward behind a new demarcation line. Like many other details of the campaign, it is a myth that was created by German wartime propaganda and perpetuated by sloppy scholarship. Slovak invasion of Poland; Part of Invasion of Poland of World War II: Slovak Minister of Defence Ferdinand atlo . Friends of the Wehrmacht. Most of the Polish Navy succeeded in evacuating to Britain as well. It was taken by the Royal Hungarian Army as a result of the First Vienna Award on November 2, 1938. Today the most common and accepted numbers are: 8,082 to 16,343 KIA, 320 to 5,029 MIA, 27,280 to 34,136 WIA. A group of German and Italian war correspondents, who visited the battlefield noticed the dead cavalry men and horses among the armored vehicles. [46] Most notably, the Germans had seven Panzer divisions, with 2,009 tanks between them, using a new operational doctrine. Later that day, the Germans attacked Poland's western, southern and northern borders, and German aircraft began raids on Polish cities. The difference is actually not as great as it might seem. His photographs and film Siege are stored in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. A force of 2,315 aircraft was assigned to Weiss. The September Campaign was devised by General Franz Halder, the chief of the general staff, and directed by General Walther von Brauchitsch, the commander in chief of the upcoming campaign. [100][101], From the first day of invasion, the German air force (the Luftwaffe) attacked civilian targets and columns of refugees along the roads to terrorize the Polish people, disrupt communications and target Polish morale. Many German tanks were captured after a German attack had pierced the line, but the Polish defenders outflanked them. As the main body of the Polish forces were engaged with the German armies farther north of the southern border, the Slovak invasion met only weak resistance . Historian Steven Zaloga in Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg (2004): If a single image dominates the popular perception of the Polish campaign of 1939, it is the scene of Polish cavalry bravely charging the Panzers with their lances. It called for the start of hostilities before a declaration of war, and pursued a doctrine of mass encirclement and destruction of enemy forces. The Slovak invasion of Poland occurred during Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939. [94] Those movements were quickly disciplined by the NKVD. Poland never will rise again in the form of the Versailles treaty. The discrepancy in German casualties can be attributed to the fact that some German statistics still listed soldiers as missing decades after the war. The German 19th Panzer Corpscommanded by General Heinz Guderianhad occupied the city, which lay within the Soviet sphere of interest. The Polish government was not notified of the strategy and based all of its defence plans on promises of quick relief by the Western Allies. Slovakia gained back those territories taken by Poland in autumn 1938. [67] A standard tank of the Polish Army during the invasion of 1939 was the 7TP light tank. (S 6/02/Zk), "Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll". Many Polish Air Force units ran low on supplies, and 98 of their number withdrew into neutral Romania. [50][51] In total, Germany had close to 4,000 aircraft, most of them modern. Thus, what was not seen by most politicians and generals in 1939 is clear from the historical perspective: The Polish September Campaign marked the beginning of a pan-European war, which combined with the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and the Pacific War in 1941 to form the global conflict known as World War II. VI, 981. On August 26, the Slovak Republic mobilized its army and created a new field army, named "Bernolk", which comprised of 51,306 soldiers. Talks over Danzig and the Corridor broke down and months passed without diplomatic interaction between Germany and Poland. [85] The Luftwaffe quickly destroyed the bridges across the Bzura River. The West Plan allowed the Polish armies to retreat inside the country, but that was supposed to be a slow retreat behind prepared positions intended to give the armed forces time to complete its mobilization and execute a general counteroffensive with the support of the Western Allies.[67]. The engagement proved to be successful as the German advance had been delayed. However, there was one exception: on the night of 2526 August, a German sabotage group which had not heard anything about a delay of the invasion made an attack on the Jablunkov Pass and Mosty railway station in Silesia. [96] Despite a series of intensifying German attacks, Warsaw, defended by quickly-reorganized retreating units, civilian volunteers and militias, held out until 28 September. In the evening the Pomeranian Uhlans encountered contingents of the advancing German 20th Infantry Division of Heinz Guderian's XIX Army. The late mobilization reduced combat capability of the Polish Army by about 1/3. The recently-created Slovak Republic joined the attack, and Field Army Bernolk contributed over 50,000 soldiers in three divisions. navigation Jump search Event during invasion Poland September 1939 media all and min width 720px .mw parser output .desktop float right box sizing border box float right clear right .mw parser output .infobox.vevent .status. The recently-created Slovak Republic joined the attack, and Field Army Bernolk Invasion of Poland may also refer to: World War II German invasion of Poland, 1939 Slovak invasion of Poland, 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland, 1939 [86] Rydz-migy ordered the Polish forces to retreat in the same direction, behind the Vistula and San Rivers, beginning the preparations for the defence of the Romanian Bridgehead area.[83]. Since most of the Polish forces were engaged with the German armies, which were more to the . Warsaw, which had undergone heavy aerial bombardment since the first hours of the war, was attacked on 9 September and was put under siege on 13 September. It includes a rare eyewitness description of the Battle of Wgierska Grka. Polish policy centred on their protection, especially since many politicians feared that if Poland retreated from the regions disputed by Germany, Britain and France would sign a separate peace treaty with Germany like the 1938 Munich Agreement and allow Germany to stay in those regions. [89] It was agreed that the Soviets would relinquish its interest in the territories between the new border and Warsaw in exchange for inclusion of Lithuania in the Soviet "zone of interest". Thus, he wavered and postponed his attack until 1 September, managing to in effect halt the entire invasion "in mid-leap". Hitler had already issued orders to prepare for a possible "solution of the Polish problem by military means" through the Case White scenario. Hitler demanded that Poland be conquered in six weeks, but German planners thought that it would require three months. Adolf Hitler, 19 September 1939[98], Despite a Polish victory at the Battle of Szack (the Soviets later executed all the officers and NCOs they had captured), the Red Army reached the line of rivers Narew, Bug, Vistula and San by 28 September, in many cases meeting German units advancing from the other direction. The 2nd Division was kept in reserve and participated only in mopping-up operations in which was supported by the Kaliniak group. The south-Slovak part of Czechoslovakia had contained a substantial Hungarian population (Slovakia had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary). [108] Hitler appointed Arthur Greiser to become the CdZ of the Posen military district, and Danzig's Gauleiter Albert Forster to become the CdZ of the West Prussian military district. [58], The Polish Air Force (Lotnictwo Wojskowe) was at a severe disadvantage against the German Luftwaffe due to inferiority in numbers and the obsolescence of its fighter planes. An Englishman even wrote that it is perfidiouswell, the English ought to know. Light divisions on Reichenau's right were on the Vistula between Warsaw and the town of Sandomierz by 9 September, and List, in the south, was on the San River north and south of the town of Przemyl. The 1st division occupied the village of Javorina and the town of Zakopane and continued toward Nowy Targ to protect the German 2nd Mountain Division from the left. See more Czechoslovak Air Force The Czechoslovak Air Force (eskoslovensk letectvo) or the Czechoslovak Army Air Force (eskoslovensk vojensk letectvo) was the air force branch of the Czechoslovak Army formed in October 1918. Hitler issued orders for the invasion to commence soon afterwards. We would prefer that the Russian armies stand in their present positions as friends and allies of Poland, rather than as invaders. [39][40] On the night of 30/31 August, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop read a 16-point German proposal to ambassador Nevile Henderson. [74][75], Polish forces were stretched thinly along the Polish-German border and lacked compact defence lines and good defence positions along disadvantageous terrain. [83] Meanwhile, the Germans were tightening their encirclement of the Polish forces west of the Vistula (in the d area and, still farther west, around Pozna) and penetrating deeply into eastern Poland. Since most of the Polish forces were engaged with the German armies, which were more to the north of the southern border, the Slovak invasion met only weak . Meanwhile, Polish forces tried to move towards the Romanian Bridgehead area, still actively resisting the German invasion. Polish prewar propaganda emphasized that any German invasion would be easily repelled. The Soviet-German invasion and the Polish exodus (19391940) Polish forces in the West", "LC Online Catalog Item Information (Full Record)", "The Luftwaffe's Campaigns in Poland and the West 19391940: A Case Study of handling Innovation in Wartime", "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field", Adolf Hitler's Proclamation to the German Army (1 September 1939), Adolf Hitler's Address to the Reichstag (1 September 1939), Communication from the German Government to the British Government in Response to Great Britain's Ultimatum (3 September 1939), Adolf Hitler's Proclamation to the German People (3 September 1939), The Conquest of Poland and the Beginnings of Jewish Persecution, Blitzkrieg Unleashed: The German Invasion of Poland, 1939, Detailed outline of campaign, mainly from German documents, The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database, The Campaign in Poland at Achtung! While historian Basil Liddell Hart claimed "Poland was a full demonstration of the Blitzkrieg theory",[48] some other historians disagree. Poland will always be on the side of our adversaries Danzig is not the objective. The annihilation of Poland would mean one fewer bourgeois fascist state to contend with! [1]:50 On September 4 and 5, it engaged in fighting with regular Polish Army units. The Poles feared that their independence would eventually be threatened altogether;[22] historically Hitler had already denounced the right of Poland to independence in 1930, writing that Poles and Czechs were a "rabble not worth a penny more than the inhabitants of Sudan or India. To compensate, the pilots relied on its maneuverability and high diving speed. The Slovak invasion of Poland occurred during Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939. The German air power was instrumental during the battle. In spite of this, Polish cavalry brigades were used as mobile mounted infantry and had some successes against both German infantry and cavalry. [119] Among the 100,000 people murdered in the Intelligenzaktion operations in 19391940, approximately 61,000 were members of the Polish intelligentsia: scholars, clergy, former officers, and others, whom the Germans identified as political targets in the Special Prosecution Book-Poland, compiled before the war began in September 1939. Fall Weiss was initiated on 1 September 1939 and was the first operation of Second World War in Europe. The Stukageschwaders alone dropped 388t (428 short tons) of bombs during the battle. On August 26, Slovakia mobilised its armed forces and established a new field army, codenamed "Bernolk", with 51,306 soldiers. The Slovak invasion of Poland occurred during Nazi Germany 's invasion of Poland in September 1939. [102], The German invasion saw atrocities committed against Polish men, women and children. After the mid-September Polish defeat in the Battle of the Bzura, the Germans gained an undisputed advantage. However, its pilots were among the world's best trained, as proven a year later in the Battle of Britain, in which the Poles played a notable part. Latecomers sustained significant casualties when public transport became targets of the Luftwaffe. However, on 25 August, the Polish-British Common Defence Pact was signed as an annex to the Franco-Polish alliance (1921). All those aircraft were of indigenous Polish design, with the bombers being more modern than the fighters, according to the Ludomi Rayski air force expansion plan, which relied on a strong bomber force. [108] On 28 September, another secret GermanSoviet protocol modified the arrangements of August: all of Lithuania was shifted to the Soviet sphere of influence; in exchange, the dividing line in Poland was moved in Germany's favour, eastwards towards the Bug River. [77] The propaganda also had some negative consequences for the Polish troops themselves, whose communications, disrupted by German mobile units operating in the rear and civilians blocking roads, were further thrown into chaos by bizarre reports from Polish radio stations and newspapers, which often reported imaginary victories and other military operations. [73], The British and the French estimated that Poland would be able to defend itself for two to three months, and Poland estimated it could do so for at least six months. [116][117] The invasion decimated urban residential areas, civilians soon became indistinguishable from combatants, and the forthcoming German occupation (both on the annexed territories and in the General Government) was one of the most brutal episodes of World War II, resulting in between 5.47 million and 5.67 million Polish deaths[118] (about one-sixth of the country's total population, and over 90% of its Jewish minority)including the mass murder of 3 million Polish citizens (mainly Jews as part of the final solution) in extermination camps like Auschwitz, in concentration camps, and in numerous ad hoc massacres, where civilians were rounded up, taken to a nearby forest, machine-gunned, and then buried, whether they were dead or not. What would be the harm if as a result of the rout of Poland we were to extend the socialist system onto new territories and populations?[113]. [53], Emerging in 1918 as an independent country after 123 years after the Partitions of Poland, the Second Polish Republic, when compared with countries such as United Kingdom or Germany, was a relatively indigent and mostly agricultural country. German forces invaded Poland from the north, south, and west the morning after the Gleiwitz incident. The Polish determination to deploy forces directly at the German-Polish border, prompted by the Polish-British Common Defence Pact, shaped the country's defence plan, "Plan West". The Soviets executed numerous Polish officers, including prisoners of war like General Jzef Olszyna-Wilczyski. Contents 1 Prehistory 2 Antiquity 3 Medieval history 3.1 New migrations 3.2 Arrival of the Slavs 3.3 Avar Khaganate 3.4 Principality of Nitra 3.5 Great Moravia 3.6 High Middle Ages Despite some Polish successes in minor border battles, the German technical, operational and numerical superiority forced the Polish armies to retreat from the borders towards Warsaw and Lww. [citation needed]. The different attitude of the Anglo-French allies of Poland towards Nazi Germany and the USSR was argued at this time, for example, by the future head of the British government, Churchill: Russians were guilty of gross treachery during the recent negotiations, but Marshal Voroshilov's demand that the Russian armies, if they were allies of Poland, should occupy Vilnius and Lvov was a perfectly reasonable military demand.
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